Adjustment Problems and Substance Use in 3 Generations

描述（由申请人提供）：我们建议研究（a）酒精、烟草和其他药物使用（ATOD）和（B）危害健康的性行为（HRSB）在三代（G1、G2和G3）中的社会传播。ATOD意识）和这些行为的出现将从22个月到17-18岁进行检查。动态发展系统的方法将被用来前瞻性地检查跨三代的环境风险和问题行为的传递，以及父母的行为和同伴的影响，跨两代。假设将在社区样本中进行测试，该样本由俄勒冈州青年研究（OYS）中处于风险中的早期成年男性（G2）的子女组成。每个母亲最多有两个亲生子女被纳入三代研究（3GS）。OYS男性表现出高水平的反社会行为（在25岁时，42%的人有2次或2次以上的逮捕）和物质使用（估计50%的人终生诊断为酒精依赖或滥用）。这些男性目前年龄在30-32岁之间，自G2男性9-10岁以来，他们的父母（G1）一直参与OYS。通过早期发展过程和共同途径的精神病理学以及具体的影响，包括同龄人的社会影响和家庭越轨的情况下，风险的一般途径，将进行检查。检查的儿童风险因素包括气质。我们预计，物质使用的启动将被预测的因素有关的发展行为问题，并通过接触物质使用的父母在童年和同龄人在童年后期的具体影响。该设计还允许对跨代传递进行遗传学检查，因为研究中包括成对的生物学兄弟姐妹。关于跨代一致性的假设，在整个关键发展时期的增长模式的形状将进行检查。我们计划通过结合OYS、OYS-夫妇和3GS现有数据集的二次数据分析来解决具体目标，这将从拟定研究期开始时开始进行，并通过收集和分析数据来实现：（a）扩大早期时间点的样本量（1 - 6，年龄22个月至11岁），和（B）将研究扩展至17-18岁。公共卫生相关性。反社会行为是所研究的任何儿童期行为的后期适应问题的唯一最有力的预测因素，也是开始使用酒精、烟草和其他药物以及危害健康的性行为和性传播感染的有力预测因素。这样的问题被广泛认为在公共成本方面非常昂贵（例如，刑事司法系统和福利形式）和私人成本（例如，非生产性的生活，个人痛苦和破碎的家庭）。有证据表明，这种行为是跨代关联的，但我们才刚刚开始了解这种关联在什么情况下发生以及为什么发生。这种关联似乎部分是由于反社会行为的家族风险，以及物质使用和性风险行为的特定风险。这项研究将使用三代人的前瞻性数据来研究这些关联。更好地理解父母的代际传递，作为一个关键机制，是至关重要的，因为消极的父母一直与父母的精神病理学和儿童适应不良。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose to study the social transmission of (a) alcohol, tobacco and other drug use (ATOD), and (b) health-risking sexual behavior (HRSB) across three generations (G1, G2, and G3).The developmental pathways of precursors (e.g., ATOD awareness) and of the emergence of these behaviors will be examined from ages 22 months to 17-18 years. A dynamic developmental systems approach will be used to examine prospectively the transmission of contextual risk and problematic behaviors across three generations, and parenting behaviors and peer influences across two generations. Hypotheses will be tested on a community sample consisting of the children of at-risk early adult men (G2) in the Oregon Youth Study (OYS). Up to two biological children of the fathers per mother are included in the Three Generational Study (3GS). The OYS men show high levels of antisocial behavior (at age 25 years, 42% had 2 or more arrests) and substance use (estimated 50% lifetime diagnoses for alcohol dependence or abuse). The men are currently ages 30-32 years, and with their parents (G1) have been involved in the OYS since the G2 men were ages 9-10 years. Both general pathways of risk via early developmental processes and common pathway psychopathology as well as specific influences, including peer social influences and family deviant contexts, will be examined. Child risk factors examined will include temperament. We expect that initiation of substance use will be predicted by factors related to the development of conduct problems and by the specific effects of exposure to substance use by parents in childhood and by peers in later childhood. The design also allows for a genetically-informed examination of cross-generational transmission as pairs of biological siblings are included in the study. Hypotheses regarding cross-generational congruence in the shapes of growth patterns across key developmental periods will be examined. We plan to address the Specific Aims by a combination of secondary data analysis of the OYS, OYS-Couples, and 3GS extant data sets, which will be undertaken from the beginning of the proposed study period, and by collecting and analyzing data that will: (a) Expand the sample size for the early time points (1 through 6, ages 22 months to 11 years), and (b) Extend the study to age 17-18 years. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE. Antisocial behavior is the single most powerful predictor of later adjustment problems of any childhood behavior studied and is a powerful predictor of initiation of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, as well as of health risking sexual behavior and STI contraction. Such problems are widely recognized as very expensive in terms of public costs (e.g., for the criminal justice system and forms of welfare) and private costs (e.g., unproductive lives, personal distress, and broken families). There is evidence that such behaviors are associated across generations, but we have only begun to learn under what circumstances such associations occur and why. It seems that associations are partly due to familial risk for antisocial behavior and also to specific risks for substance use and sexual risk behavior. This study will use prospective data across three generations to examine these associations. Better understanding of the intergenerational transmission of parenting, as one key mechanism, is critical because negative parenting has been repeatedly linked with parental psychopathology and child maladjustment.