Training Grant Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Viral Infections in Children

描述（由申请人提供）：在上个世纪，导致儿科发病率和死亡率的感染性疾病谱发生了显著变化。在抗生素和疫苗出现之前，白喉、百日咳和破伤风等传染病是主要的杀手，即使在世界上的发展中地区也基本上看不到。对主要影响婴儿和儿童的细菌性病原体（如肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌）的有效和广泛的预防和治疗已使人们认识到病毒感染是儿科发病率和死亡率的主要原因。恶性肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病的免疫抑制治疗的进展加剧了病毒病原体的作用，这使得宿主对相对良性的病毒感染易感。令人惊讶的是，只有一个小的抗病毒药物和有限的了解病毒的发病机制和宿主对病毒病原体的反应，特别是在儿童中。在发展中国家，几乎没有抗病毒剂，针对麻疹和B型肝炎的疫苗等已确定的疫苗没有广泛提供，艾滋病毒大流行导致全球每年有30多万儿童感染艾滋病毒，1 500万儿童成为孤儿。显然需要解决儿童病毒感染的识别、治疗和预防问题。该培训补助金的目的是为儿科传染病的受训者提供严格的准备，以在国内和国际环境中发展学术事业，重点是儿童病毒感染。每年将选出一名博士后儿科传染病实习生参加为期三年的培训计划，尽管只要求最后两年的研究支持。虽然不是一个学位授予计划，有一个必修课程，并在流行病学硕士课程和微生物学和免疫学系在斯坦福大学提供的课程招生是鼓励。该计划是基于斯坦福大学儿科传染病部自1978年成立以来在培养全国知名学者和研究人员方面的成功。它的结构允许学员选择基础科学，转化和流行病学研究轨道与来自医学，微生物学和免疫学，病理学系的导师，并与津巴布韦大学，加州伯克利大学公共卫生学院和墨西哥城自治大学和医院婴儿的合作者，其目的是研究儿童中病毒病原体的发病机理和宿主反应。 相关性：这笔赠款将培养儿科传染病研究员成为国内和国际学术研究人员，重点是儿童病毒感染的识别，预防和治疗。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The spectrum of infectious diseases contributing to pediatric morbidity and mortality has evolved considerably over the last century. Infections such as diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, now largely unseen even in developing areas of the world, were major killers before the advent of antibiotics and vaccines. Effective and widespread prevention and treatment of bacterial pathogens primarily affecting infants and children, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae, have resulted in the recognition of viral infections as prominent causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality. The role of viral pathogens is exacerbated by advances in immunosuppressive therapy for malignancies and autoimmune disorders, which render the host susceptible to relatively benign viral infections. Surprisingly, there is only a small armamentarium of antiviral agents and limited understanding of viral pathogenesis and host responses to viral pathogens, especially among children. In the developing world, few antiviral agents are available, established vaccines such as those directed against measles and hepatitis B are not widely available, and the HIV pandemic has resulted in >300,000 HIV-infected children/year and 15 million orphans globally. There is a clear need to address the identification, treatment and prevention of viral infections in children. The purpose of this training grant is to provide rigorous preparation for trainees in pediatric infectious diseases to develop academic careers, in the domestic and international setting, with a focus on viral infections in children. One postdoctoral Pediatric Infectious Diseases trainee per year will be selected to participate in the three year training program, although support is only requested for the last two research years. Although not a degree-granting program, there is a required curriculum, and enrollment in courses offered in the Master's of Epidemiology program and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University is encouraged. The program is based on the success of the Stanford University Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases since its inception in 1978 in producing nationally known scholars and researchers. It is structured to allow trainees to choose from basic science, translational, and epidemiological research tracks with mentors from the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, and with collaborators from the University of Zimbabwe, the University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, and the Universidad Autonoma and Hospital Infantil in Mexico City, with the goal of studying pathogenesis and host response to viral pathogens in children. RELEVANCE: This grant will train Pediatric Infectious Diseases fellows to become domestic and international academic researchers with a focus on identification, prevention and treatment of viral infections of children.