Training Grant Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Viral Infections in Children

描述(由申请人提供)：在过去的一个世纪里，导致儿科发病率和死亡率的传染病谱有了很大的变化。在抗生素和疫苗出现之前，白喉、百日咳和破伤风等感染是主要杀手，即使在世界上的发展中地区也很少见到这些感染。有效和广泛地预防和治疗主要影响婴儿和儿童的细菌病原体，如肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌，使人们认识到病毒感染是儿科发病率和死亡率的主要原因。恶性肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病的免疫抑制治疗的进展加剧了病毒病原体的作用，这些疾病使宿主容易受到相对良性的病毒感染。令人惊讶的是，目前只有很小的抗病毒药物，对病毒的发病机制和宿主对病毒病原体的反应了解有限，特别是在儿童中。在发展中国家，几乎没有抗病毒药物可用，针对麻疹和乙肝的现有疫苗没有广泛获得，艾滋病毒大流行导致全球每年有30万艾滋病毒感染儿童和1500万孤儿。显然需要解决儿童中病毒感染的识别、治疗和预防问题。这笔培训赠款的目的是为儿科传染病受训人员在国内和国际背景下发展学术生涯提供严格的准备，重点是儿童的病毒感染。每年将选出一名儿科传染病的博士后实习生参加为期三年的培训计划，尽管只要求在最后两个研究年度提供支持。虽然不是授予学位的课程，但有必修课程，并鼓励参加斯坦福大学流行病学硕士项目和微生物学和免疫学系提供的课程。该计划是基于斯坦福大学儿科传染病分部自1978年成立以来在培养全国知名学者和研究人员方面取得的成功。它的结构允许学员在医学系、微生物学、免疫学和病理学系的导师以及来自津巴布韦大学、加州大学伯克利公共卫生学院和墨西哥城的自主大学和婴儿医院的合作者的指导下，从基础科学、翻译和流行病学研究轨道中进行选择，目的是研究儿童的发病机制和宿主对病毒病原体的反应。 相关性：这笔赠款将培训儿科传染病研究员成为国内和国际学术研究人员，重点关注儿童病毒感染的识别、预防和治疗。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The spectrum of infectious diseases contributing to pediatric morbidity and mortality has evolved considerably over the last century. Infections such as diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, now largely unseen even in developing areas of the world, were major killers before the advent of antibiotics and vaccines. Effective and widespread prevention and treatment of bacterial pathogens primarily affecting infants and children, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae, have resulted in the recognition of viral infections as prominent causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality. The role of viral pathogens is exacerbated by advances in immunosuppressive therapy for malignancies and autoimmune disorders, which render the host susceptible to relatively benign viral infections. Surprisingly, there is only a small armamentarium of antiviral agents and limited understanding of viral pathogenesis and host responses to viral pathogens, especially among children. In the developing world, few antiviral agents are available, established vaccines such as those directed against measles and hepatitis B are not widely available, and the HIV pandemic has resulted in >300,000 HIV-infected children/year and 15 million orphans globally. There is a clear need to address the identification, treatment and prevention of viral infections in children. The purpose of this training grant is to provide rigorous preparation for trainees in pediatric infectious diseases to develop academic careers, in the domestic and international setting, with a focus on viral infections in children. One postdoctoral Pediatric Infectious Diseases trainee per year will be selected to participate in the three year training program, although support is only requested for the last two research years. Although not a degree-granting program, there is a required curriculum, and enrollment in courses offered in the Master's of Epidemiology program and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University is encouraged. The program is based on the success of the Stanford University Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases since its inception in 1978 in producing nationally known scholars and researchers. It is structured to allow trainees to choose from basic science, translational, and epidemiological research tracks with mentors from the Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, and with collaborators from the University of Zimbabwe, the University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, and the Universidad Autonoma and Hospital Infantil in Mexico City, with the goal of studying pathogenesis and host response to viral pathogens in children. RELEVANCE: This grant will train Pediatric Infectious Diseases fellows to become domestic and international academic researchers with a focus on identification, prevention and treatment of viral infections of children.