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Assessing the Impacts of the Recent Amazonian Drought

评估近期亚马逊干旱的影响

基本信息

批准号：
NE/D010306/1
负责人：
Oliver Phillips
金额：
$ 3.59万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2006
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2006 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FD010306%2F1
关键词：
Assessing Impacts Recent Amazonian Drought

项目摘要

Over the last few months there has been extreme drought in Amazonia. This may be related to warming of the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually violent hurricanes and contributed to 2005 breaking the record as the most active year for Atlantic tropical cyclones since records began. The Amazon drought may have been a similarly unusual event. In western Amazonia particularly this may have been the most intense drought since weather records began in this region in the mid 20th-century. By October, river stage levels along the middle and lower reaches of the Amazon river had reached the lowest marks for 35 to 60 years, which indicates that most of the vast Amazon basin (about 5 million km2) has seen exceptionally dry conditions for many months. The drought led to a state of emergency in parts of Brazil, where boats could no longer be used to supply towns and villages with essential supplies. Reports from Amazonian towns such as Iquitos (Peru), Leticia (Colombia), and Manaus (Brazil) suggest that temperatures approached, and perhaps exceeded, their all-time temperature records. The drought appears to be ending now. This project will attempt to assess the impacts of this unusual event on the Amazon forest / which harbours more carbon and more species than any other ecosystem on earth. Water is essential for plant growth, so the growth rates of trees may have been severely reduced, and also the rates of tree death may have increased. Changes in rates of tree growth and death impact on the amount of carbon stored. However, at the moment, the severity of these effects is not known. However strong these effects may (or may not) have been, the drought does represent a scientific opportunity that must be seized, because it may provide a window into the future. Human-driven climate change is expected to increase temperatures substantially in this region (by 2 to 5 Celsius within the century), and probably to diminish rainfall. Studying the effects of this drought in detail on the structure of forest canopies, the structure of leaves and branches, and how different species and types of tree respond, can provide the information to make predictions of how Amazonian forests might look in future. This research team is in a unique position to study the effects of this drought. A network of long term monitoring plots has been established over the last five years, building on plots established as long ago as 1970. With our South American colleagues these plots are regularly monitored, and many were remeasured during the last 12 months. In a few, select sites, we have also been looking frequently (as often as every fortnight) at short-term ecological processes such as leaf litter-fall, and measuring the weather that the plots are experiencing. In the proposed research we set out a strategy for measuring the effect that this remarkable drought has had. Not only will we return as soon as possible to make the long-term measurements such as tree growth, death, in as many plots as possible, but we will also make the high-intensity, short-term measurements (such as litterfall) for an additional year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how Amazon forests recover from the drought. Together with this intensive fieldwork and subsequent laboratory analyses we will also synthesize existing weather data from across the Amazon to understand the precise magnitude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based measurements of forest canopy properties to understand how the extreme conditions have affected the larger region, and to put our localised fieldwork results in context of the whole region. The overall outcome of the project will be to discover just how serious this event has been for plants in the region, and therefore to allow us to make much better predictions of what might happen in the future.

在过去的几个月里，亚马逊地区出现了极端干旱。这可能与北大西洋和墨西哥湾变暖有关，这一特征帮助产生了异常猛烈的飓风，并导致2005年打破记录，成为有记录以来大西洋热带气旋最活跃的一年。亚马逊干旱可能也是一个类似的不同寻常的事件。尤其是在亚马孙西部，这可能是自20世纪中叶该地区有天气记录以来最严重的干旱。到10月份，亚马逊河中下游的水位已降至35至60年来的最低水平，这表明广阔的亚马逊河流域(约500万平方公里)的大部分地区已连续数月出现异常干旱的情况。干旱导致巴西部分地区进入紧急状态，无法再使用船只向城镇和村庄供应必需品。来自亚马逊河流域城镇，如伊基托斯(秘鲁)、莱蒂西亚(哥伦比亚)和马瑙斯(巴西)的报告表明，气温接近甚至超过了它们的历史最高纪录。干旱现在似乎要结束了。该项目将试图评估这一不同寻常的事件对亚马逊森林的影响，亚马逊森林比地球上任何其他生态系统都拥有更多的碳和更多的物种。水对植物的生长至关重要，因此树木的生长速度可能已经严重减慢，树木的死亡速度可能也会增加。树木生长和死亡速度的变化会影响碳的储存量。然而，目前尚不清楚这些影响的严重程度。无论这些影响可能有多强(或可能没有)，干旱确实代表着一个必须抓住的科学机遇，因为它可能为未来提供一个窗口。人类驱动的气候变化预计将使该地区的气温大幅上升(本世纪内上升2至5摄氏度)，并可能减少降雨量。详细研究这场干旱对森林树冠结构、树叶和树枝结构的影响，以及不同物种和类型的树木如何反应，可以为预测亚马逊森林未来的样子提供信息。这个研究小组在研究这次干旱的影响方面处于独特的地位。在1970年建立的长期监测地块的基础上，在过去五年中建立了一个长期监测地块网络。与我们的南美同事一起，这些地块被定期监测，许多地块在过去12个月里被重新测量。在一些选定的地点，我们还经常(每两周一次)观察短期的生态过程，如落叶，并测量地块正在经历的天气。在拟议的研究中，我们制定了一项战略，以衡量这场非凡的干旱所产生的影响。我们不仅将尽快返回，在尽可能多的地块上进行长期测量，如树木生长、死亡，而且我们还将在干旱后额外一年进行高强度的短期测量(如凋落物)，以便我们能够更详细地了解亚马逊森林如何从干旱中恢复。除了密集的实地考察工作和随后的实验室分析，我们还将综合亚马逊地区现有的天气数据，以了解干旱的准确程度、强度和分布，以及基于卫星的森林树冠属性测量，以了解极端条件如何影响更大的地区，并将我们的局部实地考察结果放在整个地区的背景下。该项目的总体结果将是发现这一事件对该地区工厂的严重程度，从而使我们能够对未来可能发生的事情做出更好的预测。