BIOmes of Brasil - Resilience, rEcovery, and Diversity: BIO-RED

该提案涵盖了巴西三个最大的生物群落，大西洋和亚马逊森林以及塞拉多稀树草原。这些地区加起来覆盖了巴西85%以上的领土，包括地球上许多最多样化的生态系统，但所有这些地区都遭受了巨大的损失。虽然其植被的价值越来越多地被认识到，但尚不清楚这些系统在多大程度上可以再生或抵抗与气候变化相关的日益增加的环境压力，特别是加热和干燥。BIO-RED的动机是了解这些变化如何影响完整和再生的生态系统提供社会效益的能力。这就需要解决以下关键问题：（一）古老的生长和再生生态系统对未来环境变化预期产生的主要压力有多大的复原力？(ii)在与人类社会相关的时间尺度上，这种破坏是否是一个可逆的过程？因此，植被是否会恢复到与原始状态相似的状态，并提供类似的服务？(iii)日益炎热的气候是否会影响森林的恢复，改良的森林是否比未受影响的森林更容易受到未来环境变化的影响？只有充分理解这些系统的功能及其敏感性，才有可能解决这些问题。为了满足这一需求，BIO-RED将采用多尺度方法来评估巴西三大生物群落在森林砍伐和气候变化威胁下的功能、生物多样性、复原力和再生潜力之间的关系。我们的目标是：（一）根据森林资源管理系统和相关植被普查网络提供的数据，确定目标生态系统功能与生物多样性之间的全生物群落关系;（二）对3个研究景观中当地原生和再生系统中的生物地球化学循环、植物养分利用和物种组成及多样性之间的联系有详细的机械理解; ㈢通过实时监测植被功能和综合特性评估，检查树种对与气候有关的主要压力因素-干旱、高温和火灾-的生态生理敏感性;开发和应用无人驾驶飞机成像光谱平台，绘制树木、地块和景观尺度的树冠化学和功能多样性图，并探索生态系统特性与功能多样性之间的关系; ㈤确定生物群落过渡的程度，包括森林侵入塞拉多，利用永久性地块和卫星监测。(vi)确定恢复生态系统和生态系统管理的能力，以保护生物多样性并在巴西生物群落中提供关键的生态系统服务;BIO-RED建立在现有的观测网络上，这些网络都由本提案的PI领导：RAINFOR，GEM，ForestPlots.net（>500个古老的森林地块），ECOFOR和BIOTA以及巴西项目合作伙伴提供的其他网络。大多数活动将集中在3个焦点景观，在W Pará（亚马逊森林），E Mato Grosso（塞拉多）和E圣保罗（大西洋森林），每个都有一个复杂的古老的马赛克和再生系统，已经通过我们的地块基础设施进行了很好的采样，非常适合密集的工作，以探测过程和通过高光谱成像扩大规模。BIO-RED将提高人们对巴西森林和稀树草原抵御极端气候的程度、破坏的可逆程度以及完整和改良植被对极端气候的脆弱性的认识。它将确定控制生物多样性的复原力和恢复以及向人们提供关键生态系统服务的因素。这些信息将用于为生态系统管理和政策选择提供信息，如REDD+、巴西森林法典和巴西生态系统恢复计划。因此，我们期望为这些系统的未来再生和保护奠定更坚实的科学基础，从而提高人类社会的利益。

This proposal spans the three largest biomes in Brazil, the Atlantic and Amazon Forests, and Cerrado savanna. Together these cover >85% of Brazil's territory and include many of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, but all have seen large losses in extent. While the value of their vegetation is increasingly recognized it is unclear to what extent these systems can regenerate or resist the increasing environmental stressors associated with climate change, particularly heating & drying. The motivation of BIO-RED is to understand how these changes affect the ability of intact & regenerating ecosystems to deliver societal benefits. This requires addressing these key questions:(i) How resilient are old-growth & regenerating ecosystems to the key stressors expected from future environmental changes?(ii) Is the destruction a reversible process on time-scales relevant to human society? Thus, will vegetation recover to a similar state as the original and provide similar services?(iii) Will the increasingly hot climate affect the recovery of forests and will modified forests be more vulnerable to future environmental change than intact forests? Answering these questions is only possible with a sound understanding how these systems function and what their sensitivities are. To respond to this need, BIO-RED will apply a multi-scale approach to evaluate the relationships between functions, biodiversity, resilience and regeneration potential in Brazil's three largest biomes in the face of deforestation and climate change threats. Our objectives are to:(i) Determine the biome-wide relationships between target ecosystem functions and biodiversity based on data from the RAINFOR and associated vegetation census networks;(ii) Obtain a detailed mechanistic understanding of the link between biogeochemical cycling, plant nutrient use and species composition and diversity in primary and regenerating systems at the local scale in 3 study landscapes;(iii) Examine tree species' ecophysiological sensitivities to key climate-linked stressors - drought, heat & fire - via real-time monitoring of vegetation functioning and comprehensive trait assessments;(iv) Develop and apply a UAV ("drone")-based imaging spectroscopy platform to map canopy chemistry and functional diversity at tree, plot & landscape scales, and explore the relationships between ecosystem properties & functional diversity;(v) Establish the extent to which biome transitions are already occurring, including forest invasion into cerrado, using both permanent plots and satellite-based monitoring.(vi) Determine the ability of recovering ecosystems and ecosystem management to protect biodiversity & provide key ecosystem services in Brazilian biomes;BIO-RED builds on existing observational networks all led by PIs of this proposal: RAINFOR, GEM, ForestPlots.net (>500 old-growth forest plots), ECOFOR & BIOTA, and others contributed by Brazilian project partners. Most activities will be focused on 3 focal-landscapes, in W Pará (Amazon forest), E Mato Grosso (cerrado), & E São Paulo (Atlantic forest), each with a complex mosaic of old-growth & regenerating systems that is already well sampled by our plot infrastructure and so ideal for intensive work to probe processes & to scale-up via hyperspectral imaging. BIO-RED will improve understanding of the extent to which Brazilian forest & savanna are resisting climate extremes, the extent to which destruction is reversible, & the vulnerabilities of intact & modified vegetation to climate extremes. It will identify the factors that control resilience & recovery of biodiversity & provision of key ecosystem services to people. These will be used to inform ecosystem management & policy options such as REDD+, the Brazilian Forest Code, & Brazilian ecosystem recovery plans. We therefore expect to lay a stronger scientific basis for future regeneration & protection of these systems, and so to improve benefits for human society.