System for Decontaminating Well Water for Drinking

饮用井水净化系统

• 批准号: 7910098
• 负责人: GIRISH SRINIVAS
• 金额: $ 21.82万
• 依托单位: TDA RESEARCH, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-08-26 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7910098
• 关键词: Adsorption; Anions; Area; Arsenates; Arsenic; Bacteria; Barium; Beds; Boron; Cadmium; Calcium; Calcium Chloride; California; Carbon; Cations; Cells; Chemicals; Cities; Consumption; Copper; Cyst; Devices; Electric Conductivity; Electricity; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Environment; Equipment; Evaluation; Excision; Experimental Designs; Filtration; Flushing; Gasoline; Geology; Government; Hand; Hardness; Hazardous Substances; Heavy Metals; Herbicides; Home environment; Household; Human Activities; Hybrids; Ion Exchange; Ions; Iron; Laboratories; Lead; Licensing; Magnesium; Maintenance; Manganese; Manufacturer Name; Marines; Membrane; Mercury; Metals; Methods; NBL1 gene; Natural regeneration; Nitrates; Nitrites; Osmosis; Perchlorates; Performance; Persons; Pesticides; Phase; Plant Resins; Plants; Population; Process; Pump; Radon; Research; Research Infrastructure; Rural; Salts; Seawater; Selenium; Simulate; Site; Small Business Innovation Research Grant; Sodium Chloride; Solid; Solutions; Solvents; Source; Stream; Surface; System; Systems Analysis; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Uranium; Water; Water Purification; Water Supply; Work; Zinc; base; brine; cost; cost effective; density; design; drinking; drinking water; electric field; farmer; feeding; ground water; lead ion; mathematical model; microorganism; novel; operation; organic contaminant; particle; pressure; prototype; public health relevance; scale up; submicron; water treatment

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Approximately 15% of the U.S. population gets their drinking water from wells, cisterns and springs. As a result, over 45 million people do not have access to water that has been processed in a water treatment plant. This is not necessarily bad, as most groundwater in the U.S. is safe to drink; but there are still many cases where groundwater is contaminated and unfit or unhealthy to drink. Not only are dissolved metals a problem, but soluble anions such as perchlorate, nitrate and nitrite are hazardous at higher concentrations. Common contaminants in U.S. groundwater, both from natural and manmade sources, include significant quantities of magnesium and calcium chlorides (normal sources of hardness), heavy metals (e.g. lead), organic contaminants (e.g. pesticides), as well as trace amounts of hazardous materials such as arsenic, perchlorate, nitrates and nitrites. Currently, the majority of common household point-of-entry water purification systems mainly consist of a carbon filter and a water softener, both of which are not designed to remove dangerous ionic contaminants such as arsenate, perchlorate, nitrate, and lead. Carbon filters only remove suspended solids down to 0.5 5m while adsorbing some of the dissolved contaminants, mostly organics. Water softeners are designed to remove the metal cations (e.g., magnesium, calcium) that make water hard, and will not remove dissolved toxic anions. Thus, a point- of-entry well water purification system may be present in a household, but it is quite possible that dangerous ionic contaminants may still be present in the drinking water, even though it has been filtered and softened. To date, there is no small, point-of-use technology that will remove multiple ionic contaminants from well water in households where drinking water is supplied by a well. Technologies, such as ion exchange or reverse osmosis, exist to accomplish this task, but for single household use, these techniques often require large equipment, are too expensive to operate, and regular maintenance is an issue. When water purification beyond filtration and softening is needed due to groundwater contamination, a small, point-of-use water purification device that can be operated near a drinking water supply (i.e. kitchen sink) would be ideal for rural, single household use. TDA proposes to develop technology that will be incorporated into a point-of-use water purifier for removing problematic ionic contaminants from well water. Though operable in any household, the main application for TDA's water purification technology will be for use in rural homes where the main water supply is from a well or another potentially contaminated groundwater source. TDA's technology will be easy to use and more cost effective than current point-of-use water purification technologies. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Approximately 15% of the U.S. population gets their drinking water from wells, cisterns and springs, which have become increasingly contaminated over the years, making these groundwater sources unfit or unhealthy to drink without purification. To date, there is no small, cost effective point-of-use water purification technology that will remove multiple toxic, ionic contaminants from well water in single households where drinking water is supplied by a well. TDA proposes to develop a cost effective, easy to use technology that will be incorporated into a point-of- use water purifier for removing problematic toxic ionic contaminants from well water.

描述（由申请人提供）：大约15%的美国人口从水井、蓄水池和泉水中获取饮用水。结果，超过4500万人无法获得在水处理厂处理过的水。这并不一定是坏事，因为美国大部分地下水都是可以安全饮用的；但仍有许多地下水受到污染，不适合或不健康饮用的情况。不仅溶解的金属是一个问题，而且高氯酸盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等可溶性阴离子浓度较高时也是危险的。美国地下水中常见的污染物，无论是天然的还是人为的，包括大量的氯化镁和氯化钙（硬度的正常来源）、重金属（如铅）、有机污染物（如杀虫剂），以及微量的有害物质，如砷、高氯酸盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。目前，大多数普通家庭入口水净化系统主要由碳过滤器和软水器组成，这两种系统都不能去除危险的离子污染物，如砷酸盐、高氯酸盐、硝酸盐和铅。碳过滤器只能去除0.5 m以下的悬浮物，同时吸附一些溶解的污染物，主要是有机物。软水器的设计目的是去除使水变硬的金属阳离子（如镁、钙），而不能去除溶解的有毒阴离子。因此，一个家庭中可能有井水净化系统，但饮用水中很可能仍然存在危险的离子污染物，即使它已经过过滤和软化。到目前为止，还没有一种小型的使用点技术可以在家庭中从井水中去除多种离子污染物。离子交换或反渗透等技术可以完成这项任务，但对于单个家庭使用，这些技术通常需要大型设备，操作起来太昂贵，而且定期维护是个问题。当由于地下水污染而需要过滤和软化以外的水净化时，可以在饮用水供应（即厨房水槽）附近操作的小型使用点水净化装置将是农村单户使用的理想选择。TDA建议开发一种技术，该技术将被纳入使用点净水器中，用于从井水中去除有问题的离子污染物。尽管TDA的净水技术适用于任何家庭，但其主要应用将是用于主要供水来自水井或其他可能受到污染的地下水来源的农村家庭。TDA的技术将易于使用，比目前的使用点水净化技术更具成本效益。