Development, Ecology, and Prevention of Adult Addictive Behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的修订申请将继续对999名多种族成年人的样本进行研究，这些人从11-12岁到23-24岁进行了纵向评估。评估包括在18-19岁的CIDI诊断访谈和编码的青少年家庭和同伴互动的录像观察。样本在青春期被单独随机分配到家庭检查模型，该模型对药物使用、反社会行为、抑郁和学业成功产生了长期影响。建议在26- 27岁进行的后续评估将包括CIDI关于成瘾行为和精神病理学的诊断访谈，高投资活动与低投资活动的时间分配，同伴网络，自我调节以及唾液样本中DNA的收集。目前正在研究成瘾行为的分子遗传学的研究小组提出了三种基因分型方法，包括候选基因、基因家族和新基因探索。这些数据将用于解决以下假设：（a）自我调节中断假设，即成年人的问题行为和成瘾行为是总体适应模式的一部分，其特征是对家庭关系和其他成人里程碑的低投资策略，对自我调节的要求较低;（B）遗传适度假说，表明父母监督不力和同伴偏差对使用AOD和其他问题行为的影响在遗传脆弱的青少年中最为明显;以及（c）风险延展性假说，该假说认为，早期环境风险是可以改变的，而且这些影响对有遗传倾向的青少年尤其明显。所有3组假设的检验需要检查从青春期早期到26-27岁的纵向数据，这些数据使用各种先进的分析策略，包括轨迹分析、潜在概况分析、潜在增长模型和编译器平均因果效应模型，以检查家庭检查对风险暴露的影响。 公共卫生相关性：本申请提出了一个跟踪评估，在26-27岁的999多民族，城市青年谁曾参与了纵向随机对照预防试验的家庭为中心的干预开始于11岁，这将包括强大的测量养育和同龄人的环境和遗传脆弱性。该研究建议考虑遗传和环境因素对成人AOD使用，反社会和高风险性行为的进展的共同作用，以及确定的风险过程对家庭干预的反应。这项研究将导致更好地了解风险和保护机制，这些机制的可塑性，以及设计更精确和创新的策略来预防和治疗成人AOD和其他问题行为。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed revised application would continue research on a sample of 999 multiethnic adults who were longitudinally assessed from ages 11-12 to 23-24. Assessment included a CIDI diagnostic interview at age 18-19 and coded videotaped observations of adolescent family and peer interactions. The sample was individually randomized to the Family Check-Up model in adolescence, which yielded long-term effects on drug use, antisocial behavior, depression, and academic success. The proposed follow-up assessment at age 26- 27 would include the CIDI diagnostic interview on addictive behavior and psychopathology, time allocation to high- versus low-investment activities, peer network, self-regulation, and the collection of DNA in saliva samples. Three approaches to genotyping are proposed, including candidate gene, gene family, and novel gene exploration by a team of investigators currently studying the molecular genetics of addictive behavior. These data will be used to address the following hypotheses: (a) the disrupted self-regulation hypothesis, that adult problem behavior generally and addictive behavior specifically are part of an overall pattern of adaptation that is characterized by a low-investment strategy in respect to family relationships and other adult milestones, with low demands on self-regulation; (b) the genetic moderation hypothesis, indicating that the effects of poor parental monitoring and deviant peer exposure on progressions in AOD use and other problem behaviors are most pronounced for youth who are genetically vulnerable; and (c) the risk malleability hypothesis, which proposes that early environmental risk can be modified and that these effects are especially pronounced for genetically prone youth. Testing of all 3 sets of hypotheses requires examination of longitudinal data from early adolescence through age 26-27 that uses a variety of advanced analytic strategies, including trajectory analyses, latent profile analysis, latent growth modeling, and complier average causal effect modeling for examining the effects of the Family Check-Up on risk exposure. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This application proposes a follow-up assessment at age 26-27 of 999 multiethnic, urban youth who had been involved in a longitudinal randomized controlled prevention trial of a family-centered intervention beginning at age 11, which will include strong measurement of the parenting and peer environment and genetic vulnerability. The study proposes to consider the joint role of genetic and environmental factors on the progression of adult AOD use, antisocial and high-risk sexual behavior, and the response of identified risk processes to family intervention. The research will lead to a better understanding of the risk and protective mechanisms, malleability of those mechanisms, and the design of more precise and innovative strategies for prevention and treatment of adult AOD and other problem behaviors.