Occupational Exposure Assessment

职业照射评估是评估剂量-反应关系的一个关键因素，该处进行的大多数基于人群的研究都有广泛的照射评估内容。队列研究中的主要评估工作涉及杀虫剂、苯、多环芳烃和柴油废气的暴露，以及上海妇女和造船厂工人的队列研究中的广泛暴露。正在进行横断面研究，以研究苯、柴油废气、三氯乙烯和阿特拉津对基因毒性、免疫和激素参数的影响。在病例对照设计中，对各种暴露的工作进行了评估，包括溶剂（包括氯化烃、芳香烃和其他溶剂）、金属（砷、铬、镉、铅）、电磁场、多氯联苯、粉尘（木尘和其他类型）、石棉、甲醛、体育活动、亚硝胺、多环芳香烃、汽油和柴油废气、芳香胺和杀虫剂。这些暴露已在膀胱癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、肺癌、喉癌、淋巴和造血系统癌、儿童脑癌、生殖细胞癌和白血病尤因斯肉瘤的研究中进行了评估，并可能与父母职业有关。还进行了方法学研究，以改进暴露评估技术并了解暴露模式，例如峰值暴露。在上海进行了一项研究，对带有空气测量的详细职业问卷进行评估。一份报告描述了评估脑癌病例对照研究中电磁场暴露的暴露评估程序。正在编写有关农药、多氯联苯、氯化和芳香溶剂、木屑、铅、镉和亚硝基胺发生情况的报告。已经为几个病例对照研究制定了详细的问卷调查：美国的一项肾癌研究、新英格兰的一项膀胱癌研究、美国的一项NHL研究、西班牙的一项膀胱癌研究以及最近启动的AsiaLymph研究。对农药的评估与尿液中的农药代谢物进行了比较。2,4- d暴露的重要决定因素已通过尿液水平进行评估。使用一种新的框架，结合工作暴露矩阵和检查测量数据库，开发了苯和铅的历史暴露估计，以预测上海以人群为基础的妇女队列的暴露。数据挖掘模型已被用于从问卷回答和先前评估的职业性柴油废气暴露度量中提取决策规则，以便决策规则可用于后续研究。其他代理也将使用相同的数据挖掘方法。开发了一种基于算法的方法，有效地将专家的暴露决策与参与者对暴露导向模块的反应联系起来，以估计职业柴油废气暴露，并将其与专家对每个工作的评估进行比较。目前正在为肾癌研究制定铅和镉暴露的估计。目前正在进行一项研究，评估相同职位的男性和女性在工作任务和暴露方面的性别差异。

Assessment of occupational exposures is a crucial factor in evaluating dose-response relationships and most human population-based studies conducted by the Branch have an extensive exposure assessment component. Major assessment efforts in cohort studies have involved exposures to pesticides, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel exhaust fumes, and to a broad range of exposures in a cohort study of women in Shanghai and shipyard workers. Cross-sectional studies are being conducted to study the effect of benzene, diesel exhaust, trichloroethylene, and atrazine on genotoxic, immune, and hormonal parameters. In the case-control design, jobs have been evaluated for a wide variety of exposures, including solvents (including chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic, and other solvents), metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead), electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls, dusts (wood dust and other types) , asbestos, formaldehyde, physical activity, nitrosoamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gasoline and diesel exhausts, aromatic amines, and pesticides. These exposures have been evaluated in studies of cancer of the bladder, brain, breast, kidney, lung, larynx, and the lymphatic and hemtopoietic system, and of childhood brain cancer, germ cell tumor cancer, and leukemia Ewings sarcoma and possible associations with parental occupations. Methodologic studies are also conducted to improve exposure assessment techniques and to understand exposure patterns, such as peak exposures. A study has been conducted in Shanghai to evaluate assessments made from detailed occupational questionnaires with air measurements. A report describing the exposure assessment procedures for evaluating EMF exposures in a brain cancer case-control study has been published. Reports describing the occurrences of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated and aromatic solvents, wood dust, lead, cadmium, and nitrosoamines are being prepared. Detailed questionnaires have been developed for several case-control studies: a kidney cancer study in the US, a bladder cancer study in New England, a NHL study in the US, and a bladder cancer study in Spain, and the recently launced AsiaLymph Study. A comparison of assessments to pesticides has been compared to pesticide metabolites in the urine. Important determinants of exposure to 2,4-D has been evaluated using urinary levels. Historical benzene and lead exposure estimates have been developed using a novel framework that combines job-exposure matrices with databases of inspection measurements to predict exposure for a population-based cohort of women in Shanghai. Data mining models have been used to extract decision rules from questionnaire responses and previously assessed exposure metrics for occupational diesel exhaust exposure so that the decision rules can be used in subsequent studies. The same data mining approaches will be used for other agents. An algorithm-based approach that efficiently links expert-based exposure decisions to participants responses to exposure-oriented modules was developed to estimate occupational diesel exhaust exposure and was compared to estimates from an expert review of each individual job. Exposure estimates for lead and cadmium exposure are being developed for the kidney cancer study. A study evaluating gender differences in work tasks and exposure within men and women reporting the same job title is underway.