Occupational Exposure Assessment

职业暴露评估

• 批准号: 9339138
• 负责人: Melissa Friesen
• 金额: $ 64.64万
• 依托单位: DIVISION OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9339138
• 关键词: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Air; Algorithms; Aromatic Amines; Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Arsenic; Asbestos; Asians; Atrazine; Benzene; Benzene Exposure; Biological Markers; Brain; Breast; Cadmium; Carbon Black; Carcinogens; Case-Control Studies; Chemicals; Childhood Malignant Brain Tumor; Chlorinated Hydrocarbons; Chromium; Classification; Code; Cohort Studies; Computer software; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Databases; Development; Diesel Exhaust; Dose; Dust; Electromagnetic Fields; Ewings sarcoma; Exposure to; Formaldehyde; Gasoline; Germ cell tumor; Goals; Hormonal; Human; Immune; Individual; Kidney; Larynx; Lead; Link; Lung; Lymphatic; Malignant Neoplasms; Malignant neoplasm of brain; Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder; Measurement; Metals; Methods; Modeling; New England; Occupational; Occupational Epidemiology; Occupational Exposure; Occupations; Participant; Particulate; Pattern; Performance; Pesticides; Physical activity; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Procedures; Publishing; Questionnaires; Renal carcinoma; Reporting; Solvents; Spain; Specificity; System; Techniques; Text; Training; Trichloroethylene; Urine; Validation; Woman; Wood material; Work; air monitoring; base; case control; cohort; data mining; design; exhaust; farmer; gender difference; improved; lead exposure; leukemia; mathematical model; men; novel; population based; programs; response; urinary

Assessment of occupational exposures is a crucial factor in evaluating dose-response relationships and most human population-based studies conducted by the Branch have an extensive exposure assessment component. Major assessment efforts in cohort studies have involved exposures to pesticides, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel exhaust fumes, and to a broad range of exposures in a cohort study of women in Shanghai and shipyard workers. Cross-sectional studies are being conducted to study the effect of benzene, diesel exhaust, trichloroethylene, and atrazine on genotoxic, immune, and hormonal parameters. In the case-control design, jobs have been evaluated for a wide variety of exposures, including solvents (including chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic, and other solvents), metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead), electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls, dusts (wood dust and other types) , asbestos, formaldehyde, physical activity, nitrosoamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gasoline and diesel exhausts, aromatic amines, and pesticides. These exposures have been evaluated in studies of cancer of the bladder, brain, breast, kidney, lung, larynx, and the lymphatic and hemtopoietic system, and of childhood brain cancer, germ cell tumor cancer, and leukemia Ewings sarcoma and possible associations with parental occupations. Methodologic studies are also conducted to improve exposure assessment techniques and to understand exposure patterns, such as peak exposures. A study has been conducted in Shanghai to evaluate assessments made from detailed occupational questionnaires with air measurements. A report describing the exposure assessment procedures for evaluating EMF exposures in a brain cancer case-control study has been published. Reports describing the occurrences of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated and aromatic solvents, wood dust, lead, cadmium, and nitrosoamines are being prepared. Detailed questionnaires have been developed for several case-control studies: a kidney cancer study in the US, a bladder cancer study in New England, a NHL study in the US, and a bladder cancer study in Spain, and neoplasmic lyphomas in four Asian centers (AsiaLymph Study). A comparison of assessments to pesticides has been compared to pesticide metabolites in the urine. Important determinants of exposure to 2,4-D has been evaluated using urinary levels. Historical benzene and lead exposure estimates have been developed using a novel framework that combines job-exposure matrices with databases of inspection measurements to predict exposure for a population-based cohort of women in Shanghai. Air monitoring of particulate, black carbon, and bioaerosol exposures is being conducted on farmers. Data mining models have been used to extract decision rules from questionnaire responses and previously assessed exposure metrics for occupational diesel exhaust exposure so that the decision rules can be used in subsequent studies. The same data mining approaches is being used for other agents, including lead and chlorinated solvents. An algorithm-based approach that efficiently links expert-based exposure decisions to participants responses to exposure-oriented modules was developed to estimate occupational diesel exhaust exposure and was compared to estimates from an expert review of each individual job. Exposure estimates for lead and cadmium exposure are being developed for the kidney cancer study. Occupational questionnaire data was used to evaluate gender differences in work tasks and exposure within men and women reporting the same job title. A software program to automatically assign occupation codes based on free-text entries of job title has been developed to improve the efficiency of conducting occupational epidemiology; a revised algorithm is being developed by expanding the training database.

职业照射评估是评价剂量-反应关系的一个关键因素，分支进行的大多数人口研究都有广泛的照射评估内容。 队列研究中的主要评估工作涉及农药、苯、多环芳烃和柴油机废气的暴露，以及上海女性和造船厂工人队列研究中的广泛暴露。 正在进行横断面研究，以研究苯，柴油机废气，三氯乙烯和阿特拉津对遗传毒性，免疫和激素参数的影响。 在病例对照设计中，对各种暴露（包括溶剂）的工作进行了评估（包括氯化烃、芳烃和其他溶剂）、金属（砷、铬、镉、铅）、电磁场、多氯联苯、粉尘（木尘和其他类型），石棉，甲醛，体力活动，亚硝胺，多环芳烃，汽油和柴油废气，芳香胺，和杀虫剂。 在对膀胱癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、肺癌、喉癌、淋巴癌和造血系统癌、儿童脑癌、生殖细胞肿瘤癌和白血病尤因氏肉瘤以及与父母职业的可能关联的研究中，对这些接触进行了评估。 还进行了方法学研究，以改进暴露评估技术，并了解暴露模式，如峰值暴露。 在上海进行了一项研究，以评价通过详细的职业问卷和空气测量进行的评估。 一份描述在脑癌病例对照研究中评估EMF暴露的暴露评估程序的报告已经发表。 目前正在编写报告，介绍农药、多氯联苯、氯化和芳香溶剂、木尘、铅、镉和亚硝胺的出现情况。 已经为几项病例对照研究开发了详细的问卷：美国的肾癌研究、新英格兰的膀胱癌研究、美国的NHL研究、西班牙的膀胱癌研究和四个亚洲中心的肿瘤性淋巴瘤（AsiaLymph研究）。对农药的评估与尿液中的农药代谢物进行了比较。 暴露于2，4-D的重要决定因素已使用尿液水平进行了评估。历史苯和铅暴露估计已开发使用一种新的框架，结合工作接触矩阵与数据库的检查测量，以预测暴露的人口为基础的队列妇女在上海。正在对农民进行颗粒物、黑碳和生物气溶胶暴露的空气监测。数据挖掘模型已被用来提取决策规则，从问卷调查的答复和以前评估的暴露指标，职业柴油机废气暴露，使决策规则可以用于后续的研究。同样的数据挖掘方法也用于其他制剂，包括铅和氯化溶剂。 开发了一种基于算法的方法，有效地将基于专家的暴露决策与参与者对面向安全的模块的响应联系起来，以估计职业柴油机废气暴露，并将其与每个工作的专家审查估计值进行比较。目前正在为肾癌研究制定铅和镉接触的估计值。职业问卷数据被用来评估报告相同职称的男女在工作任务和接触方面的性别差异。开发了一个软件程序，根据职称的自由文本条目自动分配职业代码，以提高开展职业流行病学工作的效率;正在通过扩大培训数据库，开发一种订正算法。