Effects of Spirits Privatization on Alcohol Prices and Alcohol-related Harms

烈酒私有化对酒精价格和酒精相关危害的影响

• 批准号: 8667061
• 负责人: William C Kerr
• 金额: $ 24.5万
• 依托单位: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-05-25 至 2018-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8667061
• 关键词: Adult; Alcohol abuse; Alcohol consumption; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcohols; Attitude; Beer; Behavior; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Beverages; Bypass; California; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Communities; Consumption; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Data Sources; Drunk driving; Economics; Experimental Designs; Fees; Frequencies; Future; Geographic state; Government; Health; Hour; Idaho; Individual; Influentials; Internet; Lead; Location; Longitudinal Surveys; Marketing; Monitor; Natural experiment; Noise; Oregon; Outcome; Pattern; Perception; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Policies; Price; Privatization; Province; Public Health; Public Opinion; Public Policy; Regulation; Relative (related person); Research; Sales; Sampling; Scanning; Series; Social Problems; Statutes and Laws; Supermarket; Surveys; System; Taxation; Taxes; Time; Visit; Washington; Wine; Youth; adolescent alcohol; alcohol availability; alcohol behavior; alcohol policy information system; assault; base; cost; density; design; distilled alcoholic beverage; drinking; effectiveness research; experience; improved; public policy on alcohol; restraint; square foot; trend; underage drinking; vandalism

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Voters in the state of Washington have approved Initiative 1183, which ends the state monopoly on spirits sales as of June 1, 2012 and removes a number of regulations related to distribution and pricing. Spirits producers will be allowed to sell directly to retailers, bypassing the wholesale tier. New state spirits taxes, designed to make up the significant lost revenues from the spirits monopoly, will be the highest in the US states. Because these taxes will now go on top of profits to distributors and retailers, we expect spirits prices to rise to well above current levels. Importantly, the initiative requires retail taxes to b listed separately from the base price so that consumers can clearly see the tax amount. Commercial proponents likely intended this to spark later efforts to reduce spirits taxes, making future revenues uncertain. Despite a minimum size requirement that will limit licensees to large alcohol super-stores, supermarkets and other large store types, outlet density for spirits is expected to increase substantially along with later hours of sale and greater shopping convenience. This availability increase may lead to greater spirits sales even though prices will increase, as this occurred after two retail privatizations in Canadian provinces that also resulted in higher retail prices in private stores. The proposed study was designed to evaluate impacts over time of these tax and availability increases and potential future changes such as a tax reduction. We propose to track implementation of regulations, revenues and prices and use state-representative cross- sectional and longitudinal surveys of Washington drinkers and residents to evaluate changes in drinking, purchasing, problems, attitudes and experiences following privatization and across later changes. The longitudinal survey will follow spirits drinkers to assess individual drinkers' changes in detailed purchasing and consumption behaviors. Cross-sectional survey waves will be conducted every six months to allow retrospective pre-and multiple-post analyses capturing both initial and any tax and market structural shifts occurring within 3 years. Retrospective questions will assess drinking and purchasing behavior before the privatization, facilitating analysis of change. Representative surveys from the CDC with cross-sectional waves both before and after privatization will also be utilized to evaluate changes in youth and adult drinking patterns. Brand-level price and sales series from the control system and from supermarkets after privatization will be obtained using archival data sources. Other store types will be monitored through the internet and store visits. Analyses will determine the effects of the privatization and later changes on prices, sales, state revenues, drinking and purchasing patterns, experiences of alcohol-related harms (including perceived harms from other people's drinking) and opinions regarding alcohol policies, spirits availability and prices. Results will inform debates regarding government control of alcohol sales, relevant to 18 remaining control states and on the three-tier system and alcohol taxation relevant to all US states.

描述(由申请人提供)：华盛顿州的选民已经批准了1183号倡议，该倡议自2012年6月1日起结束了州政府对烈性酒销售的垄断，并取消了一些与分销和定价相关的法规。烈酒生产商将被允许绕过批发环节直接向零售商销售。新的州烈酒税将是美国各州最高的，旨在弥补这家烈性酒垄断企业造成的巨额收入损失。由于这些税收现在将作为分销商和零售商利润的补充，我们预计烈性酒价格将上涨至远高于当前水平。重要的是，这一举措要求零售税与基本价格分开列出，这样消费者就可以清楚地看到税额。商业支持者的本意可能是为了引发后来降低烈性酒税收的努力，从而使未来的收入不确定。尽管最小规模要求将限制持牌人只能在大型酒类超市、超市和其他大型商店类型，但随着销售时间的延长和购物便利性的提高，烈性酒的门店密度预计将大幅增加。这种供应增加可能会带来更大的烈性酒销售，尽管价格会上涨，因为这是在加拿大各省两次零售私有化之后发生的，这也导致了私人商店的零售价格上涨。拟议的研究旨在评估随着时间的推移，这些税收和可获得性增加的影响，以及未来可能发生的变化，如减税。我们建议跟踪法规、收入和价格的执行情况，并使用具有州代表性的对华盛顿饮酒者和居民的横断面和纵向调查，以评估私有化后和以后变化中饮酒、购买、问题、态度和体验的变化。纵向调查将跟踪白酒饮用者，评估个体饮酒者在详细购买和消费行为方面的变化。将每六个月进行一次横断面调查，以便进行前瞻性的事前分析和多次事后分析，以捕捉3年内发生的任何税收和市场结构性变化。回溯性问题将评估私有化前的饮酒和购买行为，有助于分析变化。还将利用疾病预防控制中心在私有化前后的具有代表性的调查结果来评估青少年和成年人饮酒模式的变化。将使用档案数据来源从控制系统和私有化后的超市获得品牌级价格和销售系列。其他类型的商店将通过互联网和商店访问进行监控。分析将确定私有化和后来的变化对价格、销售、国家收入、饮酒和购买模式、与酒精相关的伤害的经历(包括他人饮酒造成的伤害)的影响，以及对酒精政策、烈酒供应和价格的看法。结果将为有关政府对酒类销售的控制、与剩余的18个控制州相关的辩论、关于三级制度和与美国所有州有关的酒类税收的辩论提供参考。