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The multiple components of motor memory

运动记忆的多个组成部分

基本信息

批准号：
8543777
负责人：
REZA SHADMEHR
金额：
$ 36.29万
依托单位：
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2012-09-15 至 2017-05-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our ability to adapt to systematic perturbations makes it possible to maintain a lifetime of calibrated movements. Our focus here is on the neural basis of this motor memory. The current view is that adaptation depends critically on the cerebellum. However, over the last two years we, and others, have made a series of observations that challenge this view of adaptation. Here we suggest a different view of the problem of motor adaptation based on the core hypothesis that the cerebellum is embedded in a larger network that includes motor cortical areas, and that more than one mechanism is involved in forming a motor memory. Specifically, we suggest that motor memory is a result of interaction of distinct components: one component associates motor commands with sensory consequences, resulting in a forward model; one component searches the motor space for output that can produce a rewarding outcome, resulting in exploration; a third component relies on repetition to associate the sensory feedback with the motor commands, resulting in a feedback- dependent controller. In Aim 1, we will test that idea that the function of M1 during adaptation is to encode a component of motor memory that depends on reinforced repetition of motor commands. In Aim 2, we will test the hypothesis that damage to the cerebellum affects only one component of motor memory, the ability to form memories that depend on sensory prediction errors (forward models), but spares the ability to learn from repetition of motor commands. Our projects are clinically important because if we are right in that there are multiple neural pathways to formation of motor memory, then damage to one component may benefit from rehabilitation procedures that focus on remaining healthy neural structures. Our projects are important from a basic science standpoint because: (1) our experiments can connect the cerebellar-centric field of adaptation which has focused on error-dependent learning, with cerebral cortex-centric field of motor learning which has focused on repetition-dependent processes; (2) our experiments have the power to explain what is being 'prepared' by the brain during the preparatory period before movement onset; and finally (3) our experiments have the potential to actually test computational ideas that are very much in fashion in the field of optima control, and ask whether they have any relevance to the neural basis of motor control.

描述(申请人提供)：我们适应系统扰动的能力使我们有可能保持校准机芯的使用寿命。我们在这里的重点是这种运动记忆的神经基础。目前的观点是，适应在很大程度上取决于小脑。然而，在过去的两年里，我们和其他人进行了一系列的观察，挑战了这种适应的观点。在这里，我们提出了一种不同的运动适应问题的观点，基于一个核心假设，即小脑嵌入到包括运动皮质区域的更大的网络中，并且形成运动记忆的机制不止一种。具体地说，我们认为运动记忆是不同成分相互作用的结果：一个成分将运动命令与感觉结果联系起来，产生前向模型；一个成分在运动空间搜索能够产生奖励结果的输出，导致探索；第三个成分依靠重复将感觉反馈与运动命令联系起来，从而产生反馈依赖的控制器。在目标1中，我们将测试M1在适应过程中功能是编码依赖于增强的运动命令重复的运动记忆的组成部分的想法。在目标2中，我们将测试一种假设，即小脑的损伤只影响运动记忆的一个组成部分，即形成依赖于感觉预测错误(前向模型)的记忆的能力，但不影响从重复运动命令中学习的能力。我们的项目具有重要的临床意义，因为如果我们是对的，即有多条神经路径可以形成运动记忆，那么一个组件的损伤可能会从专注于保持健康神经结构的康复程序中受益。从基础科学的角度来看，我们的项目很重要，因为：(1)我们的实验可以将关注错误依赖学习的小脑中心适应性领域与关注重复依赖过程的大脑皮层中心运动学习领域联系起来；(2)我们的实验有能力解释大脑在运动开始前的准备阶段正在‘准备’什么；以及(3)我们的实验有可能实际测试在最优控制领域非常流行的计算想法，并询问它们是否与运动控制的神经基础有关。