Culture, Family Process, and Developmental Outcomes in Asian American Youth

描述（由申请人提供）：与“模范少数族裔”的刻板印象相反，亚裔美国人（AA）青年表现出独特的混合行为模式。他们报告更好的学习成绩，更少的外部问题（例如，物质使用，暴力），但更多的内在问题（例如，抑郁症，自杀）比其他种族的年轻人。在成年期，AA青年的积极结果似乎并不成立，心理健康状况恶化。事实上，青少年戒酒女性的自杀率令人震惊，引起公众的严重关注。此外，AA青年亚组在青年结果方面存在显着差异：一些亚组表现良好，而另一些则在挣扎。然而，我们目前的知识是严重有限的理解如何养育和亲子关系帮助或阻碍青少年发展AA青年。现有的家庭过程模型，这是主要来自西方的概念化，似乎不足以预测AA青年的健康和行为结果。例如，AA青少年的养育和青少年行为之间的关联往往不显示一个传统的模式，但实际上揭示了一个矛盾的模式。文化在养育子女的信念和行为以及如何建立亲子关系方面各不相同。此外，与所有其他少数群体青年一样，匿名戒酒会青年面临文化适应，必须在父母文化和主流文化之间进行谈判。然而，在现有的育儿研究中，家庭过程的文化独特性和文化适应问题往往被忽视。这项研究回应了对AA青年可靠纵向数据的迫切需求，AA青年是美国增长最快但最缺乏研究和误解的人群之一。本研究旨在建立一个文化适应的家庭过程模型，将文化适应纳入家庭过程，以准确地解释AA青少年复杂的结果模式。这项研究将收集伊利诺伊州菲律宾裔美国人和韩裔美国人家庭的年度纵向调查数据（N= 1，960;来自350个家庭的350名青年、350名母亲和280名父亲，每组n=980），具体目标如下：（1）研究家庭过程的并行和纵向关联（父母的信念，父母的行为，和亲子关系）与学业成绩，外化问题，和AA青少年的内化问题，（2）探讨AA青少年在青春期及过渡至青年期的家庭过程中三个结果领域的发展轨迹及其决定因素，（3）探讨文化适应对戒酒青少年家庭过程与青少年成就和发展轨迹的关系。本研究的结果将指导AA父母保留他们的养育方面，产生和保持积极的青年行为，但修改他们的养育或采取新的策略，以防止严重的内化问题或这些问题的恶化。研究结果还可以指导其他种族/民族的父母采用AA养育方法，以帮助最大限度地提高孩子的潜在成长，而不会增加心理健康问题。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Counter to the "model minority" stereotype, Asian American (AA) youth show a uniquely mixed pattern of behaviors. They report better academic performance, fewer externalizing problems (e.g., substance use, violence), but more internalizing problems (e.g., depression, suicide) than youth of other racial-ethnic groups. During emerging adulthood, the positive outcomes in AA youth do not seem to hold up, and poor mental health is exacerbated. In fact, the suicide rate among young AA women is alarming, posing a serious public concern. In addition, AA youth subgroups dramatically differ in youth outcomes: some subgroups fare well while others struggle. However, our current knowledge is seriously limited in understanding how parenting and parent-child relations help or hinder youth development among AA youth. The existing family-process model, which is derived mainly from Western conceptualization, does not seem to be adequate to predict health and behavioral outcomes in AA youth. For example, the associations between parenting and youth behaviors among AA youth do not often show a conventional pattern but in fact reveal a paradoxical pattern. Cultures vary in parenting beliefs and behaviors and how they establish parent-child relations. In addition, like all other minority youth, AA youth face acculturation, having to negotiate between parental and mainstream cultures. However, culturally unique aspects of family process and the issue of acculturation are often neglected in the existing parenting research. This study responds to the urgent need for reliable longitudinal data of AA youth, the fastest growing but one of the most understudied and misunderstood populations in the United States. This proposed study aims to formulate a culturally adequate family-process model that incorporates acculturation in family process to accurately explain the complex outcome patterns of AA youth. The study will collect annual longitudinal survey data from Filipino American and Korean American families in the state of Illinois (N=1,960; 350 youth, 350 mothers, and 280 fathers from 350 families with n=980 per group) with the following specific aims: (1) to examine the concurrent and longitudinal associations of family process (parental beliefs, parental behaviors, and parent-child relations) with academic achievement, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems among AA youth, (2) to delineate developmental trajectories and their determinants in family process for the three outcome domains during adolescence and through the transition to young adulthood among AA youth, and (3) to investigate the influences of acculturation on the ways family process is connected to youth outcomes and developmental trajectories among AA youth. The results of this study will guide AA parents to preserve the aspects of their parenting that produce and maintain positive youth behaviors but to modify their parenting or adopt new strategies to prevent serious internalizing problems or worsening of those problems. The results also can guide parents of other race/ethnic groups to adopt AA parenting methods to help maximize their child's potential growth without increasing mental-health problems.