Culture, Family Process, and Developmental Outcomes in Asian American Youth

描述（由申请人提供）：与“模范少数族裔”的刻板印象相反，亚裔美国人 (AA) 青年表现出独特的混合行为模式。与其他种族族裔群体的年轻人相比，他们的学业成绩更好，外在问题（例如药物滥用、暴力）更少，但内在问题（例如抑郁、自杀）更多。在成年初期，AA 青少年的积极成果似乎并没有持续下去，而且不良的心理健康状况进一步恶化。事实上，年轻 AA 女性的自杀率令人震惊，引起了公众的严重关注。此外，AA 青年亚群体在青年成就方面存在显着差异：一些亚群体表现良好，而另一些亚群体则处境艰难。然而，我们目前的知识在理解养育和亲子关系如何帮助或阻碍 AA 青少年的青少年发展方面还严重有限。现有的家庭过程模型主要源自西方的概念化，似乎不足以预测 AA 青少年的健康和行为结果。例如，AA 青少年中的养育方式与青少年行为之间的关联并不经常表现出传统的模式，而实际上却揭示了一种矛盾的模式。不同的文化在养育子女的信念和行为以及如何建立亲子关系方面有所不同。此外，与所有其他少数族裔青年一样，AA 青年面临着文化同化，必须在父母文化和主流文化之间进行谈判。然而，现有的育儿研究经常忽视家庭过程的文化独特性和文化适应问题。这项研究满足了对 AA 青少年可靠纵向数据的迫切需求，他们是美国增长最快但最缺乏研究和误解的人群之一。这项研究旨在制定一个文化上适当的家庭过程模型，将文化适应纳入家庭过程，以准确解释 AA 青少年的复杂结果模式。该研究将收集伊利诺伊州菲律宾裔美国人和韩裔美国家庭的年度纵向调查数据（N = 1,960;来自350个家庭的350名青少年，350名母亲和280名父亲，每组n = 980），其具体目的如下：（1）研究家庭过程（父母信念，父母行为和亲子关系）与学业成绩，外在问题和内在问题之间的并行和纵向关联。 AA 青年，(2) 描绘 AA 青年在青春期和向成年早期过渡期间三个结果领域的发展轨迹及其在家庭过程中的决定因素，以及 (3) 调查文化适应对家庭过程与青年结果和 AA 青年发展轨迹的联系方式的影响。这项研究的结果将指导 AA 父母保留其养育方式中产生和维持积极青少年行为的方面，但修改其养育方式或采取新策略以防止严重的内化问题或这些问题的恶化。研究结果还可以指导其他种族/族裔群体的父母采用AA育儿方法，以帮助最大限度地提高孩子的潜在成长而不增加心理健康问题。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Counter to the "model minority" stereotype, Asian American (AA) youth show a uniquely mixed pattern of behaviors. They report better academic performance, fewer externalizing problems (e.g., substance use, violence), but more internalizing problems (e.g., depression, suicide) than youth of other racial-ethnic groups. During emerging adulthood, the positive outcomes in AA youth do not seem to hold up, and poor mental health is exacerbated. In fact, the suicide rate among young AA women is alarming, posing a serious public concern. In addition, AA youth subgroups dramatically differ in youth outcomes: some subgroups fare well while others struggle. However, our current knowledge is seriously limited in understanding how parenting and parent-child relations help or hinder youth development among AA youth. The existing family-process model, which is derived mainly from Western conceptualization, does not seem to be adequate to predict health and behavioral outcomes in AA youth. For example, the associations between parenting and youth behaviors among AA youth do not often show a conventional pattern but in fact reveal a paradoxical pattern. Cultures vary in parenting beliefs and behaviors and how they establish parent-child relations. In addition, like all other minority youth, AA youth face acculturation, having to negotiate between parental and mainstream cultures. However, culturally unique aspects of family process and the issue of acculturation are often neglected in the existing parenting research. This study responds to the urgent need for reliable longitudinal data of AA youth, the fastest growing but one of the most understudied and misunderstood populations in the United States. This proposed study aims to formulate a culturally adequate family-process model that incorporates acculturation in family process to accurately explain the complex outcome patterns of AA youth. The study will collect annual longitudinal survey data from Filipino American and Korean American families in the state of Illinois (N=1,960; 350 youth, 350 mothers, and 280 fathers from 350 families with n=980 per group) with the following specific aims: (1) to examine the concurrent and longitudinal associations of family process (parental beliefs, parental behaviors, and parent-child relations) with academic achievement, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems among AA youth, (2) to delineate developmental trajectories and their determinants in family process for the three outcome domains during adolescence and through the transition to young adulthood among AA youth, and (3) to investigate the influences of acculturation on the ways family process is connected to youth outcomes and developmental trajectories among AA youth. The results of this study will guide AA parents to preserve the aspects of their parenting that produce and maintain positive youth behaviors but to modify their parenting or adopt new strategies to prevent serious internalizing problems or worsening of those problems. The results also can guide parents of other race/ethnic groups to adopt AA parenting methods to help maximize their child's potential growth without increasing mental-health problems.