Culture, Family Process, and Developmental Outcomes in Asian American Youth

描述（由申请人提供）：与“模范少数族裔”的刻板印象相反，亚裔美国人（AA）青年表现出独特的混合行为模式。与其他种族相比，他们的学习成绩更好，外化问题（如吸毒、暴力）更少，但内化问题（如抑郁、自杀）更多。在刚进入成年期的时候，嗜酒者互戒协会的积极结果似乎并没有持续下去，不良的心理健康状况会加剧。事实上，年轻AA女性的自杀率是惊人的，引起了公众的严重关注。此外，嗜酒者互戒协会的青年亚组在青年结果上也有显著差异：一些亚组过得很好，而另一些则很挣扎。然而，我们目前的知识在理解父母教养和亲子关系如何帮助或阻碍AA青少年的青少年发展方面严重有限。现有的主要来源于西方观念的家庭过程模型似乎不足以预测AA青年的健康和行为结果。例如，在嗜酒者互诫协会的青少年中，父母教养和青少年行为之间的联系并不经常显示出一种传统的模式，而实际上揭示了一种矛盾的模式。文化在养育子女的信念和行为以及如何建立亲子关系方面各不相同。此外，像所有其他少数族裔青年一样，嗜酒者互诫协会的青年也面临着文化适应的问题，必须在父母和主流文化之间进行协商。然而，在现有的育儿研究中，家庭过程的文化独特性和文化适应问题往往被忽视。这项研究回应了对可靠的AA青年纵向数据的迫切需求，这是美国增长最快但研究最不充分和误解最多的人群之一。本研究旨在建立一个文化适足的家庭过程模型，将文化适应纳入家庭过程，以准确解释AA青少年复杂的结果模式。该研究将收集伊利诺斯州菲律宾裔美国人和韩裔美国人家庭的年度纵向调查数据(N= 1960；来自350个家庭（每组980人）的350名青年、350名母亲和280名父亲，具体目标如下：(1)探讨家庭过程（父母信仰、父母行为和亲子关系）与青少年学业成就、外化问题和内化问题的同步和纵向关联；(2)探讨青少年青少年期和青年期三个结果域的家庭过程发展轨迹及其决定因素；(3)探讨文化适应对AA青少年家庭过程与青少年结局和发展轨迹的影响。本研究的结果将指导嗜酒者互诫协会的父母保留其养育方式中产生和维持积极青少年行为的方面，但要修改他们的养育方式或采用新的策略来防止严重的内化问题或这些问题的恶化。研究结果也可以指导其他种族/民族的父母采用互戒教育的方式，在不增加心理健康问题的情况下最大限度地帮助孩子的潜在成长。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Counter to the "model minority" stereotype, Asian American (AA) youth show a uniquely mixed pattern of behaviors. They report better academic performance, fewer externalizing problems (e.g., substance use, violence), but more internalizing problems (e.g., depression, suicide) than youth of other racial-ethnic groups. During emerging adulthood, the positive outcomes in AA youth do not seem to hold up, and poor mental health is exacerbated. In fact, the suicide rate among young AA women is alarming, posing a serious public concern. In addition, AA youth subgroups dramatically differ in youth outcomes: some subgroups fare well while others struggle. However, our current knowledge is seriously limited in understanding how parenting and parent-child relations help or hinder youth development among AA youth. The existing family-process model, which is derived mainly from Western conceptualization, does not seem to be adequate to predict health and behavioral outcomes in AA youth. For example, the associations between parenting and youth behaviors among AA youth do not often show a conventional pattern but in fact reveal a paradoxical pattern. Cultures vary in parenting beliefs and behaviors and how they establish parent-child relations. In addition, like all other minority youth, AA youth face acculturation, having to negotiate between parental and mainstream cultures. However, culturally unique aspects of family process and the issue of acculturation are often neglected in the existing parenting research. This study responds to the urgent need for reliable longitudinal data of AA youth, the fastest growing but one of the most understudied and misunderstood populations in the United States. This proposed study aims to formulate a culturally adequate family-process model that incorporates acculturation in family process to accurately explain the complex outcome patterns of AA youth. The study will collect annual longitudinal survey data from Filipino American and Korean American families in the state of Illinois (N=1,960; 350 youth, 350 mothers, and 280 fathers from 350 families with n=980 per group) with the following specific aims: (1) to examine the concurrent and longitudinal associations of family process (parental beliefs, parental behaviors, and parent-child relations) with academic achievement, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems among AA youth, (2) to delineate developmental trajectories and their determinants in family process for the three outcome domains during adolescence and through the transition to young adulthood among AA youth, and (3) to investigate the influences of acculturation on the ways family process is connected to youth outcomes and developmental trajectories among AA youth. The results of this study will guide AA parents to preserve the aspects of their parenting that produce and maintain positive youth behaviors but to modify their parenting or adopt new strategies to prevent serious internalizing problems or worsening of those problems. The results also can guide parents of other race/ethnic groups to adopt AA parenting methods to help maximize their child's potential growth without increasing mental-health problems.