Social Determinants of Change in Cognitive and Physical Functioning

这个子项目充分利用了纵向研究的交叉研究比较的机会， 国际背景，以更好地了解寿命背景对晚年认知和身体的影响 功能我们的重点是在认知和健康的个体差异的社会决定因素， 强调不同的老化风险和影响身体和认知能力的暴露过程， 认知储备和认知衰退。然而，由于许多人认为社会因素不会影响年龄- 相关的身体或认知结果，而是选择他们，我们将使用反事实的方法， 例如倾向分数匹配，以及标准分析方法，包括多级模型， 分离出社会人口统计学过程在以后的生活中对认知和身体功能的影响。 该项目的一个重要方面是重复和跨研究结果的跨研究比较， 不同的出生队列，资源，地理和文化。因此，该子项目将与核心 B在评价结果时开发和利用国际背景数据库，以帮助了解背景情况 我们的结果在一个历史敏感，比较和严格的元分析框架。我们会研究 教育程度、社会经济地位和童年的竞争和互补效应 认知对认知在以后的生活，并评估社会和背景变化的作用，在连续的 出生队列。此外，我们还将评估与工作相关的需求、退休年龄和社会福利的影响。 在随后的水平和认知和身体功能的变化类。该分项目将强调 跨群组和跨国数据分析，以提供可广泛推广且不受 小样本或特定背景下的偏差，允许解释交叉研究结果 社会历史背景。 相关性（参见说明）： 纵向分析技术的最新发展，加上跨国和跨队列数据， 将为早期生活的因果因素提供新的见解，包括社会人口因素，如 教育程度，对身体和认知能力的发展和衰老的影响， 职业和社会后果，如失业或退休。

This subproject takes full advantage ofthe opportunities for cross-study comparison of longitudinal studies in an international context to better understand lifespan contextual influences on later life cognitive and physical functioning. Our focus is on social determinants of individual differences In cognition and health, with emphasis on differential aging risk and exposure processes that affect physical and cognitive ability, cognitive reserve, and cognitive decline. However, because many argue that social factors do not affect age- related physical or cognitive outcomes, but rather select upon them, we will use counterfactual approaches, such as propensity score matching, in addition to standard analytic methods, including multi-level models, to Isolate the effects that socio-demographic processes play In cognition and physical functioning in later life. An important aspect of this project is replication and cross-study comparison of results across studies that differ in birth cohort, resources, geography, and culture. Therefore, this subproject will work closely with Core B to develop and utilize an international contextual database when evaluating results to help contextualize our results in a historically sensitive, comparative and rigorous meta-analytic framework. We will examine the competing and complementary effects of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and childhood cognition on cognition in later life, and evaluate the role of social and contextual changes across successive birth cohorts. In addition, we will evaluate the Impact of work-related demands, age of retirement, and social class on subsequent level and change in cognitive and physical functioning. The subproject will emphasize inter-cohort and cross-national data analysis to provide results that are broadly generalizable and not subject to biases from small samples or particular contexts, permitting Interpretation of cross-study results In a sociohistorical context. RELEVANCE (See instructions): Recent developments in longitudinal analytic techniques, coupled with a cross-national and Inter-cohort data, will provide new insights into eariy life causal factors, including socio-demographic factors such as educational attainment, on the development and aging of physical and cognitive capabilities and important occupational and societal outcomes such as unemployment or retirement.