NEIGHBORHOOD, FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN ADOLESCENT DRINKING

描述（由申请人提供）：过度饮酒与相当大的发病率和死亡率相关，导致广泛的研究确定与过度饮酒发展风险增加和经历酒精相关伤害相关的因素。已确定的风险因素跨越了许多不同的领域，包括环境影响（例如，酒精出口密度，邻里社会劣势），家庭和个人特定环境影响（例如，父母分离，童年虐待）和个人因素（例如，遗传脆弱性，精神病理史）。然而，通常情况下，跨领域的集成是有限的。一些人认为，区域层面的因素，如社区条件，可能比其他社会因素更与基因-环境相互作用理论相关。首先，由于饮酒（如自我选择），一些人可能更频繁地接触某些社会环境（如酒精出口密度较高的社区）。其次，邻里环境可以作为一种直接的社会控制形式，限制潜在特征的表现，从而增强或限制基因对酒精相关行为的相对影响。我们建议将利用地理信息系统（GIS）技术生成的社区环境（如酒精出口密度）的创新测量添加到先前收集的女性青少年双胞胎队列（N=1700对双胞胎）的数据中，然后进行多次评估，直至成年。这将使我们能够更好地描述社区、家庭和个人因素对早期开始饮酒（随后过度饮酒的主要风险因素）、开始饮酒到中毒、酗酒和酒精相关问题的单独贡献。它还将允许我们测试自我选择效应（即遗传和环境因素是否影响邻里选择和酒精相关行为），确定可能影响青年居住选择的个人和家庭因素，以及社区环境对遗传影响的调节（即基因-环境相互作用）。因此，我们提出的研究将告知关于酒精使用障碍的生态学和流行病学研究传统。这样的研究可能会揭示当地酒精控制政策的性质、范围和有效性，这取决于社区条件和遗传责任协同变化或相互作用或影响酒精使用的机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Excessive alcohol use is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, leading to extensive research identifying factors associated with increased risks for the development of excessive alcohol use and for experiencing alcohol-related harm. Identified risk factors have spanned a number of distinct domains including contextual effects (e.g., alcohol outlet density, neighborhood social disadvantage) familial and individual specific environmental influences (e.g., parental separation, childhood abuse) and individual factors (e.g., genetic vulnerability, history of psychopathology). Typically, however, there has been limited integration across domains. Some have suggested that area-level factors, such as neighborhood conditions, may be more relevant to the theory of gene-environment (GE) interplay than other social factors. First, some individuals may be more frequently exposed to certain social contexts (e.g. neighborhoods with higher alcohol outlet density) as a consequence of their drinking (e.g. self-selection). Second, neighborhood conditions may enhance or constrain the relative influence of genetic influences on alcohol-related behaviors, by serving as an immediate form of social control that limits the manifestation of latent characteristics. We propose to add innovative measures of neighborhood environment (e.g. alcohol outlet density), generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, to previously collected data on a female adolescent twin cohort (N=1700 twin pairs), followed across multiple waves of assessment into young adulthood. This will allow us to better characterize the separate contributions of neighborhood, family and individual factors to early initiation of alcohol use (a major risk factor for subsequent excessive alcohol use), onset o drinking to intoxication, as well as heaviness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. It will also allow us to test both for self- selection effects (i.e. whether genetic and environmental factors influencing neighborhood choice and alcohol- related behaviors are correlated), identifying individual and family factors that may influence choice of residence in young adulthood and for moderation of genetic influences by neighborhood environment (i.e. gene-environment interaction). Thus, our proposed research will inform both ecological and epidemiological research traditions on alcohol use disorders. Such research may shed new light on the nature, scope, and effectiveness of local alcohol control policies depending on the mechanism by which neighborhood conditions and genetic liabilities covary or interact or to affect alcohol use.