Trajectories of Behavioral Inibition and Risk for Anxiety

项目摘要 童年的气质广泛地塑造了一生的心理调整，具有特殊的 在关键和复杂的发展阶段，如青春期的影响。而风险则是 精神病理在青春期急剧上升，气质差异进一步增加风险。 行为抑制(BI)是在生命早期发现的一种气质，其特征是强烈的生理，行为， 以及对陌生环境的情绪反应，并与焦虑风险增加四倍相关 青春期中期的精神障碍，以及青春期后期的情绪障碍和药物滥用。尽管 风险的戏剧性增加，我们发现并不是所有有BI童年病史的儿童都会表现出 精神变态学。鉴于风险结果的这种异质性，关键是要确定 将挣扎的青少年与那些不顾早期风险因素而适应的青少年区分开来。对于患有 商业智能的历史，其快速发展的社会背景下日益增长的需求可能特别具有挑战性。 谈判青春期复杂的社会挑战的不成功尝试与增加 精神病理学，使青春期中期成为隔离可能影响 结果的可变性。我们建议研究两种这样的机制，认知控制和支持。 与朋友和父母的关系及其对青少年对监管的反应和遵守的影响， 在实验室中评估社会挑战，并使用每日日记报告。 我们将研究：(1)两种类型的认知控制(反应性和主动性)，期望反应性 控制将是正相关的，而主动控制将与更高的 对社会挑战的反应和更大的精神病理学，以及(2)支持性关系的影响 朋友和父母，期望这样的关系将缓冲紧张的社会影响 精神病理学面临的挑战和增加的发病率。最后，我们将考察青少年是否 对社会挑战的反应在儿童BI病史和精神病理学之间起中介作用 青春期晚期。

Project Summary Childhood temperament broadly shapes psychological adjustment across the lifespan, having particular influence during critical and complex periods of development such as adolescence. While risk for psychopathology rises sharply during adolescence, temperamental differences further enhance risk. Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a temperament identified early in life, marked by strong physiological, behavioral, and emotional reactions to unfamiliar contexts, and associated with a four-fold increased risk for anxiety disorders in mid-adolescence, as well as mood disorders and substance abuse in late adolescence. Despite the dramatic increase in risk, we have found that not all children with a childhood history of BI go on to display psychopathology. Given this heterogeneity in risk outcomes, it is critical to identify the mechanisms that differentiate adolescents who struggle from those who adapt despite early risk factors. For adolescents with a history of BI, the increasing demands of their rapidly evolving social context may be particularly challenging. Unsuccessful attempts to negotiate the complex social challenges of adolescence are linked to increases in psychopathology, making mid-adolescence a critical period for isolating mechanisms that might influence variability in outcomes. We are proposing to examine two such mechanisms, cognitive control and supportive relationships with friends and parents, and their impact on adolescents’ reactions to, and regulation following, social challenges assessed in the laboratory and using daily diary reports. We will examine: (1) two types of cognitive control (reactive versus proactive) with the expectation that reactive control will be positively associated, and proactive control will be negatively associated with heightened reactions to social challenge and greater psychopathology, and (2) the effects of supportive relationships with friends and parents with the expectation that such relationships will buffer the effects of stressful social challenges and increased incidence of psychopathology. Finally, we will examine whether adolescents’ responses to social challenge mediate the association between childhood history of BI and psychopathology in late adolescence.