Trajectories of Behavioral Inibition and Risk for Anxiety

项目摘要 童年气质在很大程度上影响着整个生命周期的心理适应， 在关键和复杂的发展时期，如青春期的影响。虽然风险 精神病理学在青春期急剧上升，气质差异进一步增加了风险。 行为抑制（BI）是一种在生命早期发现的气质，其特征是强烈的生理，行为， 以及对不熟悉环境的情绪反应，并与焦虑风险增加四倍有关 青春期中期的精神障碍，以及青春期后期的情绪障碍和药物滥用。尽管 风险的急剧增加，我们发现并非所有有BI童年史的儿童都会继续显示 精神病理学考虑到风险结果的这种异质性，确定 区分那些挣扎的青少年和那些尽管有早期风险因素但仍能适应的青少年。对于患有 随着BI的发展，其快速发展的社会背景的日益增长的需求可能特别具有挑战性。 在应对青少年复杂的社会挑战方面的不成功尝试与以下因素有关： 精神病理学，使青春期中期的一个关键时期，隔离机制，可能会影响 结果的可变性。我们建议研究两个这样的机制，认知控制和支持 与朋友和父母的关系，以及它们对青少年的反应的影响， 在实验室中评估社会挑战，并使用每日日记报告。 我们将研究：（1）两种类型的认知控制（反应性与主动性），期望反应性 控制将是积极的，积极的控制将是消极的， 对社会挑战和更大的精神病理学的反应，以及（2）支持关系的影响， 朋友和父母的期望，这种关系将缓冲压力的社会影响， 挑战和精神病理学发病率的增加。最后，我们将研究青少年的 对社会挑战的反应介导了儿童BI史和精神病理学之间的联系， 青春期后期

Project Summary Childhood temperament broadly shapes psychological adjustment across the lifespan, having particular influence during critical and complex periods of development such as adolescence. While risk for psychopathology rises sharply during adolescence, temperamental differences further enhance risk. Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a temperament identified early in life, marked by strong physiological, behavioral, and emotional reactions to unfamiliar contexts, and associated with a four-fold increased risk for anxiety disorders in mid-adolescence, as well as mood disorders and substance abuse in late adolescence. Despite the dramatic increase in risk, we have found that not all children with a childhood history of BI go on to display psychopathology. Given this heterogeneity in risk outcomes, it is critical to identify the mechanisms that differentiate adolescents who struggle from those who adapt despite early risk factors. For adolescents with a history of BI, the increasing demands of their rapidly evolving social context may be particularly challenging. Unsuccessful attempts to negotiate the complex social challenges of adolescence are linked to increases in psychopathology, making mid-adolescence a critical period for isolating mechanisms that might influence variability in outcomes. We are proposing to examine two such mechanisms, cognitive control and supportive relationships with friends and parents, and their impact on adolescents’ reactions to, and regulation following, social challenges assessed in the laboratory and using daily diary reports. We will examine: (1) two types of cognitive control (reactive versus proactive) with the expectation that reactive control will be positively associated, and proactive control will be negatively associated with heightened reactions to social challenge and greater psychopathology, and (2) the effects of supportive relationships with friends and parents with the expectation that such relationships will buffer the effects of stressful social challenges and increased incidence of psychopathology. Finally, we will examine whether adolescents’ responses to social challenge mediate the association between childhood history of BI and psychopathology in late adolescence.