Project 1 - The Neurobiology of Social Decision-Making: Social Inference and Context

项目1.项目总结 该项目1由John O‘Doherty执导，是我们目前Conte中心的项目2的续展。它的目标是 继续我们的研究，了解如何通过观察他人的选择来学习做决定。 这种能力，观察性学习，存在于几个物种的行为中，很可能构成了主要的 人类获得社会决策技能的机制。然而，与系统相比， 我们现在知道通过个人经验来调节直接学习，令人惊讶的是，对 调节观察性学习的系统。有哪些制度？他们是如何区别对待的？ 根据具体情况而定？这种情况在不同的人身上可能会有什么不同？我们将在各个方面解决这些问题 测试三个假设神经系统对观察性学习的参与度的四个目标。 特别令人感兴趣的是一个依赖于社会推理的系统，这是这个孔特中心的重点主题。 这一系统被认为是招募内侧前额叶皮质和颞顶交界处的部分区域， 调解了一种在计算上更强大、更灵活的观察性学习形式，需要输入 向人们解释他们的行为的隐藏状态：他们的价值观、目标和信仰。我们假设，并将进行测试， 这是从事标准社会神经科学任务的相同的社会推理系统，例如 “为什么/如何”任务管理给核心2下的所有参与者，并在项目2中明确进行了调查。 项目1还链接到项目4中描述的目标，在那里我们将调查单个单元 观察性学习的关联性。该项目与其他几个项目之间的紧密联系反映在 其人员，包括来自其他项目(Mobbs、Andersen、Rutishauser、Hutcher son)的PI和后 与其他项目共享的文档。 项目1的主要方法是使用计算功能磁共振成像，它将功能磁共振成像任务设计为 区域大脑激活可以与观察性学习过程模型中的参数相匹配。会的 在6个实验中的每个实验中测试50名健康参与者，通过核心2和3招募，并部分与 项目2和项目3的参与者。它的目的将测试如何注意社会刺激的具体特征 使用不同的系统，社会环境如何重要(例如，如果我们正在观察人类或计算机)，如何 不同系统的可靠性可能会影响它们之间的仲裁，以及在多大程度上存在 与核心3的心理评估分数或以下结果相关的个体差异 在其他项目中共享重叠主题的实验。

Project 1. Project Summary. This Project 1, directed by John O'Doherty, is a renewal of Project 2 in our current Conte Center. It aims to continue our investigation of how we can learn to make decisions by observing the choices of another person. This ability, observational learning, is present behaviorally in several species and likely constitutes the main mechanism for the acquisition of social decision-making skills in humans. However, compared to the systems we now know to mediate direct learning through personal experience, surprisingly little is known about the systems that mediate observational learning. What systems are there? How are they differentially employed depending on the context? How might this vary across individuals? We will address these questions across four Aims that test the engagement of three postulated neural systems for observational learning. Of specific interest is a system that relies on social inference, the focus theme of this Conte Center. This system, which is thought to recruit sectors of medial prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction, mediates a computationally more powerful and flexible form of observational learning that requires imputing hidden states to people to explain their actions: their values, goals, and beliefs. We hypothesize, and will test, that this is the same social inference system that is engaged in standard social neuroscience tasks, such as the “why/how” task administered to all participants under Core 2 and investigated explicitly in Project 2. This Project 1 also links to an Aim that is described under Project 4, where we will investigate the single-unit correlates of observational learning. The strong links between this Project and several others are reflected in its personnel, which include PIs from other Projects (Mobbs, Andersen, Rutishauser, Hutcherson) and post- docs shared with other Projects. The primary approach of Project 1 uses computational fMRI, which designs fMRI tasks such that regional brain activation can be fit to the parameters in a model of the observational learning process. It will test 50 healthy participants in each of 6 experiments, recruited through Cores 2 and 3, and shared in part with the participants of Projects 2 and 3. Its Aims will test how attention to specific features of social stimuli engages different systems, how social context matters (e.g., if we are observing a human or a computer), how the reliability of the different systems may influence arbitration amongst them, and to what extent there are individual differences that correlate with psychological assessment scores from Core 3, or results from experiments that shared overlapping subjects in other Projects.