Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms Underlying Stress Vulnerability during Adolescence

暴露于应激性生活事件（SLE）涉及大多数形式的 精神病理学，以及在发育早期发生的SLE是特别强的预测因子， 心理健康问题大多数青春期精神障碍的发作在时间上都是由一个主要的 SLE。然而，将SLE与青少年精神病理学发病联系起来的机制仍然存在， 不太了解。先前关于SLE与青少年精神障碍联系机制的研究 主要集中在虐待、忽视和机构化等严重形式的逆境上。是 不知道是否有类似的机制参与了不太严重的SLE之间的联系， 精神病理学也许更关键的是，现有的工作在很大程度上依赖于横截面 将暴露于某种类型SLE的儿童与儿童进行比较的受试者间设计 没有这种经历。缺乏纵向研究来考察SLE如何影响 情绪，认知，行为和神经回路随着时间的推移，预测 精神病理学的出现拟议的研究解决了这一差距，使用一种新的 方法论的方法，允许检查情绪，认知， 社会行为、神经功能和连接性， 时间特异性水平，以确定SLE之间联系的机制， 青少年的精神病理学，因为他们在真实的时间展开。具体而言，该项目将审查 个体内SLE暴露的每月波动如何预测随后的变化， 情绪处理在消极和积极的配价系统，认知控制，社会 以及神经功能和连通性。除了每月 评估SLE、精神病理学和潜在机制，被动监测 活动、睡眠和社会行为（例如，通过文本和社交媒体与同行互动） 通过智能手机和可穿戴设备， 被动地，没有主体负担。这项研究将调查是否每月的变化， 这些情感、认知、社会和神经过程预示着后来内在化的增加， 和外部化的问题，在加速队列设计与每月评估跨越 年龄在11-18岁之间，在研究期间产生1，680个月的观察结果。纵向 设计和高频评估是创新的，可以识别 这些机制被SLE改变，并前瞻性地预测高血压患者的精神病理学。 与SLE暴露增加相关的发育期时间特异性， 压力脆弱性和精神病理学风险。

Exposure to stressful life events (SLEs) is involved in the etiology of most forms of psychopathology, and SLEs occurring early in development are particularly strong predictors of mental health problems. Most adolescent disorder onsets are temporally preceded by a major SLE. Yet, the mechanisms linking SLEs to the onset of adolescent psychopathology remain poorly understood. Prior research on mechanisms linking SLEs with youth mental disorders has focused largely on severe forms of adversity like abuse, neglect, and institutionalization. It is unknown whether similar mechanisms are involved in the link between less severe SLEs and psychopathology. Perhaps more critically, existing work has relied largely on cross-sectional between-subjects designs that compare children with exposure to some type of SLE to children without that experience. There is a dearth of longitudinal studies examining how SLEs influence emotion, cognition, behavior, and neural circuits within-individuals over time in ways that predict the emergence of psychopathology. The proposed research addresses this gap, using a novel methodological approach that permits examination of dynamic changes in emotion, cognition, social behavior, and neural function and connectivity following SLEs at a sufficiently fine grained level of temporal specificity to identify mechanisms underlying the link between SLEs and adolescent psychopathology as they unfold in real time. Specifically, the project will examine how monthly fluctuations in exposure to SLEs within-individuals predict subsequent changes in emotional processing in the Negative and Positive Valence Systems, Cognitive Control, Social Processes, and neural function and connectivity over a 12-month period. In addition to monthly assessments of SLEs, psychopathology, and potential mechanisms, passive monitoring of activity, sleep, and social behavior (e.g., interaction with peers through text and social media) through smartphones and wearable devices will allow additional mechanisms to be assessed passively and without subject burden. The study will investigate whether monthly variation in these emotional, cognitive, social, and neural processes predicts later increases in internalizing and externalizing problems in an accelerated cohort design with monthly assessments spanning age 11-18 years, producing 1,680 monthly observations over the study period. The longitudinal design and high-frequency assessments are innovative in allowing the identification of mechanisms that are altered by SLEs and prospectively predict psychopathology with high temporal specificity during a developmental period associated with increases in SLE exposure, stress vulnerability, and risk for psychopathology.