Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms Underlying Stress Vulnerability during Adolescence

项目总结 接触应激性生活事件(SLEs)与大多数形式的精神病理学的病因学有关，而SLEs 在发育早期发生的疾病是心理健康问题的特别强烈的预测因素。大多数青少年 疾病开始时，主要的系统性红斑狼疮会在时间上出现。然而，将SLEs与疾病发病联系起来的机制 青春期的精神病理学仍然知之甚少。第二语言学习障碍与青年联系机制的前期研究 精神障碍主要集中在严重形式的逆境上，如虐待、忽视和制度化。 目前尚不清楚类似的机制是否参与了不太严重的系统性红斑狼疮和 精神变态学。也许更关键的是，现有的研究在很大程度上依赖于研究对象之间的横截面 将暴露于某种类型系统性红斑狼疮的儿童与没有这种经历的儿童进行比较的设计。的确有 缺乏研究SLEs如何影响情绪、认知、行为和神经回路的纵向研究 随着时间的推移，个体内部以预测精神病理学出现的方式。拟议的研究 解决了这一差距，使用了一种新的方法方法，允许检查 情绪、认知、社交行为、神经功能和连通性在足够好的状态下发生 细粒度的时间特异性水平，以确定SLEs和青少年之间潜在的联系机制 随着它们的实时展开，精神变态。具体地说，该项目将研究每月波动如何 暴露于体内的SLEs-个体在负面和负面情绪处理方面预测随后的变化 正价系统，认知控制，社会过程，神经功能和连通性 12个月。除了每月对系统性红斑狼疮、精神病理学和潜在机制的评估外， 被动监控活动、睡眠和社交行为(例如，通过文本和社交与同龄人互动 媒体)通过智能手机和可穿戴设备将允许被动评估额外的机制 而且没有主体负担。这项研究将调查这些情绪，认知， 社会和神经过程预测内在化和外在化问题在以后的增加 加速队列设计，每月评估跨度为11-18岁，每月产生1,680个 在研究期间的观察。纵向设计和高频评估具有创新性 在允许识别由SLEs改变的机制和前瞻性预测中 在发育期具有高度时间特异性的精神病理学，与 系统性红斑狼疮暴露、应激脆弱性和精神病理风险。研究结果将提供关键信息 关于情绪、认知、社会行为和神经功能的特定领域 暴露在SLE中，增加了精神病态的易感性。这些机制代表了可修改的 预防儿童和青少年应激相关精神病发病的干预目标。

PROJECT SUMMARY Exposure to stressful life events (SLEs) is involved in the etiology of most forms of psychopathology, and SLEs occurring early in development are particularly strong predictors of mental health problems. Most adolescent disorder onsets are temporally preceded by a major SLE. Yet, the mechanisms linking SLEs to the onset of adolescent psychopathology remain poorly understood. Prior research on mechanisms linking SLEs with youth mental disorders has focused largely on severe forms of adversity like abuse, neglect, and institutionalization. It is unknown whether similar mechanisms are involved in the link between less severe SLEs and psychopathology. Perhaps more critically, existing work has relied largely on cross-sectional between-subjects designs that compare children with exposure to some type of SLE to children without that experience. There is a dearth of longitudinal studies examining how SLEs influence emotion, cognition, behavior, and neural circuits within-individuals over time in ways that predict the emergence of psychopathology. The proposed research addresses this gap, using a novel methodological approach that permits examination of dynamic changes in emotion, cognition, social behavior, and neural function and connectivity following SLEs at a sufficiently fine grained level of temporal specificity to identify mechanisms underlying the link between SLEs and adolescent psychopathology as they unfold in real time. Specifically, the project will examine how monthly fluctuations in exposure to SLEs within-individuals predict subsequent changes in emotional processing in the Negative and Positive Valence Systems, Cognitive Control, Social Processes, and neural function and connectivity over a 12-month period. In addition to monthly assessments of SLEs, psychopathology, and potential mechanisms, passive monitoring of activity, sleep, and social behavior (e.g., interaction with peers through text and social media) through smartphones and wearable devices will allow additional mechanisms to be assessed passively and without subject burden. The study will investigate whether monthly variation in these emotional, cognitive, social, and neural processes predicts later increases in internalizing and externalizing problems in an accelerated cohort design with monthly assessments spanning age 11-18 years, producing 1,680 monthly observations over the study period. The longitudinal design and high-frequency assessments are innovative in allowing the identification of mechanisms that are altered by SLEs and prospectively predict psychopathology with high temporal specificity during a developmental period associated with increases in SLE exposure, stress vulnerability, and risk for psychopathology. Study findings will provide critical information regarding the specific domains of emotion, cognition, social behavior, and neural function that are altered by exposure to SLEs and increase vulnerability to psychopathology. These mechanisms represent modifiable targets for interventions to prevent the onset of stress-related psychopathology in children and adolescents.