Studying the oviposition of Anopheles gambiae: the development of novel tools for

描述（由申请人提供）：撒哈拉以南非洲是世界疟疾负担的主要地区，近80%的病例发生在该地区。然而，我们现在正处于非洲疟疾控制历史上的一个转折点。由于长效驱虫蚊帐的高覆盖率以及对临床病例的及时有效治疗，疟疾报告在一代人中首次普遍下降。为了保持这些来之不易的成果并进一步减少疟疾传播，必须改进和制定新的病媒控制战略，这些战略将适用于不同的环境，负担得起，并补充现有的干预措施，以便进一步减少疟疾传播。该项目旨在制定更有效和成本效益更高的方法来控制和监测冈比亚按蚊种群，冈比亚按蚊是非洲疟疾的主要媒介。这种方法是由多学科的研究，以确定视觉和嗅觉刺激，导致女性安。冈比亚在某些地点产卵，而不是其他地点。这些知识将用于（1）确定重要的繁殖地点，并选择性地使用新型、持久和环境友好的杀幼虫剂处理首选地点，以及（2）为开发监测成年蚊子的诱捕器提供合理的基础。具体来说，我们建议测试：（1）如果细菌产生的挥发物从水生栖息地产卵化学信息素的功能;（2）是否细菌群落和化学物质释放和存在于停滞水体之间的网站有和没有一个不同。（3）测试新型残留杀幼虫剂（吡丙醚，昆虫生长调节剂和硅基单分子表面膜）对冈比亚按蚊的影响。（5）研制了一种用于收集已孕冈比亚按蚊的产卵诱捕器。冈比亚。因此，将在实验室和田间条件下评价两种相对新颖的药剂的性能，并结合所有特定目标检测结果，评价其在“引诱和杀灭”策略中的潜力。 这些研究大部分将在实验室、封闭温室和肯尼亚的实地进行。然而，一些详细的化学分析将需要在瑞典的专门实验室进行。这项研究的结果可能会导致开发新的疟疾病媒采样和控制工具。这些工具将是对用于控制撒哈拉以南非洲疟疾的病媒综合管理一揽子计划的宝贵补充。 病媒综合管理被视为病媒控制的未来。该项目旨在开发和测试新的工具，用于采样和杀死怀孕的疟疾蚊子，并测试两种新的杀幼虫剂的效力。攻击怀孕雌性和病媒的水生阶段是今后可纳入病媒综合防治方案的潜在战略。对成虫和幼虫同时进行攻击，不仅比单独使用经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐和室内残留喷洒所能达到的控制效果要好得多，而且还可能为控制拟除虫菊酯抗药性和滴滴涕替代品的使用提供机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Sub-Saharan Africa bares the brunt of the world's malaria burden, with nearly 80% of all cases occurring in this region. However, we are now at a turning point in the history of malaria control in Africa. For the first time in a generation reports of malaria declining have become common due to high coverage with long-lasting insecticide treated nets and the prompt and effective treatment of clinical cases. In order to maintain these hard won gains and to make further reductions in malaria transmission it is important to improve and develop new strategies for vector control, which will be applicable in different environments, affordable, and complement existing interventions, so that greater reductions in malaria transmission can be achieved. This project aims to develop more efficient and cost-effective methods for controlling and monitoring Anopheles gambiae populations, the major vector of malaria in Africa. This approach is underpinned by multi-disciplinary research to identify the visual and olfactory stimuli that cause female An. gambiae to lay eggs at certain sites and not others. Such knowledge will be used to (1) identify important breeding sites and selectively treat preferred sites with novel, long-lasting and environmentally friendly larvicides and (2) provide a rational basis for developing traps to monitor adult mosquitoes. Specifically we propose to test: (1) if bacteria-generated volatiles from aquatic habitats function as oviposition semiochemicals; (2) whether the bacterial communities and chemicals released from and present in stagnant water bodies differ between sites with and without An. gambiae larvae, (3) test novel residual larvicides (pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator and a silicon-based monomolecular surface film) against An. gambiae and (5) develop an oviposition trap for collecting gravid An. gambiae. Therefore, the performance of two relatively novel agents, will be evaluated under laboratory and field conditions and their potential in an 'attract-and-kill' strategy combining findings from all specific objectives tested. Most of these studies will be carried out in the laboratory, in enclosed greenhouses and in the field in Kenya. However, some of the detailed chemical analysis will need to be carried out in specialised laboratories in Sweden. The findings from this study may lead to the development of new sampling and control tools for malaria vectors. Such tools would be valuable additions to an Integrated Vector Management package for the control of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated vector management (IVM) is seen as the future for vector control. This project aims to develop and test new tools for sampling and killing gravid malaria mosquitoes as well as test the efficacy of two new larvicides. Attacking gravid females and the aquatic stages of the vector are potential strategies that could be incorporated into IVM programmes in the future. Not only would attacking both adult and larval stages result in much greater control than can be achieved with insecticide-treated bednets and indoor-residual spaying alone, they may also offer mechanisms for the management of pyrethroid-resistance and alternatives to DDT usage.