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Discrimination, reinforcement, and resistance to change

歧视、强化和抵制变革

基本信息

批准号：
7540892
负责人：
JOHN ANTHONY NEVIN
金额：
$ 10.55万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2002-09-01 至 2010-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): To effect behavior change, it is not sufficient simply to establish desirable behavior in a therapeutic setting. It is also necessary that desirable behavior be persistent in the face of daily challenges after therapy ends. In addition, the behavior must be appropriate to the varying circumstances of daily life, which requires attending to and remembering the relations between situations, actions, and consequences. Our research on this project to date has shown that reinforcing consequences affect the persistence of attention and memory in the same way as simple operant responding. Reinforcement-based teaching methods can improve learning to distinguish among different stimuli in people with developmental disabilities, and can enhance short-term memory in clinical patients with neurological deficits. Reinforcement effects on attending and remembering are also relevant to drug abuse: Drugs are potent reinforcers and therefore increase attention to events associated with drugs and make those occasions more memorable. At the same time, drug reinforcement may make attending to and remembering drug-related events more resistant to change, and those events may in turn occasion further abuse. This project will continue to explore ways in which reinforcement can establish persistent attending and remembering, and evaluate various methods for disrupting control by environmental stimuli. One goal of this project is to develop and test a new quantitative theory of attending and remembering that combines an existing model of discrimination performance with an existing model of behavioral persistence. A second goal is to develop novel experimental methods to evaluate the terms of the model. A third goal is to identify effective methods for increasing or decreasing the strength of attending and remembering in short- term working memory. The basic behavioral processes examined here are central to research and theory on learning and memory. They are also important for understanding the persistence of maladaptive behavior such as seeking and attending to cues that trigger drug abuse, and for establishing desirable discriminations that are remembered accurately and are highly resistant to change.

描述（由申请人提供）：为了实现行为改变，仅仅在治疗环境中建立理想的行为是不够的。在治疗结束后，面对日常挑战，理想的行为也必须持续下去。此外，行为必须与日常生活的各种情况相适应，这就要求注意并记住情况、行为和后果之间的关系。迄今为止，我们对该项目的研究表明，强化后果会影响注意力和记忆的持续性，其方式与简单操作性反应相同。基于强化的教学方法可以提高发育障碍患者区分不同刺激的学习能力，并可以增强临床神经缺陷患者的短期记忆。对注意力和记忆的强化效应也与药物滥用有关：药物是有效的兴奋剂，因此会增加对与药物有关的事件的注意力，并使这些事件更令人难忘。与此同时，药物强化可能会使注意和记住与药物有关的事件更难以改变，而这些事件反过来又可能导致进一步的滥用。这个项目将继续探索强化可以建立持久的注意和记忆的方法，并评估各种方法来破坏环境刺激的控制。这个项目的目标之一是开发和测试一个新的定量理论出席和记住，结合现有的模型的歧视性能与现有的模型的行为持久性。第二个目标是开发新的实验方法来评估模型的条款。第三个目标是确定有效的方法来增加或减少短期工作记忆中的注意力和记忆力。这里研究的基本行为过程是学习和记忆研究和理论的核心。它们对于理解适应不良行为的持续性也很重要，例如寻找和关注引发药物滥用的线索，以及建立准确记忆和高度抵制变化的理想区分。