Engineering Biomimetic Corneal Constructs

描述（由申请人提供）：在美国，每年进行超过33，000例角膜移植。该手术的成功率相当高（两年后为90%），尽管目前供体组织的获取是足够的，但组织的质量差异很大，这会影响手术结果。此外，LASIK手术的激增使角膜不符合移植的条件，在不久的将来有可能减少供体角膜的可用性。近年来，通过组织工程学方法制备角膜替代物的尝试值得称赞。这些构建体已经证明了可以将类似于上皮、角膜细胞和内皮的三层细胞培养到胶原基质中的概念。然而，这样的构建物只取得了有限的成功，因为为角膜提供其独特的（并且至关重要的）机械和光学性质的基质基质还没有被复制。随机取向的胶原蛋白凝胶代表了组织工程化角膜的典型起点，对于临床使用来说，它不太可能足够坚固或足够透明。此外，期望显著的体内重塑反应以整合部分功能的人工角膜是不可接受的。人工结构在植入时应具有功能。基于这些原因，我们提出了一种以基质为中心的方法来产生人工角膜。我们首先通过跟踪人成纤维细胞在长期活体成像培养系统上产生基质的过程来精确地研究成纤维细胞如何在体外产生组织。然后结合生物工程、生物学、生物力学和生物化学，尝试制造仿生基质层（人造角膜的构建块）。该方法需要使用已经“编码”到胶原蛋白三螺旋中的智能，其简单地通过浓缩单体以诱导液晶结构形成和原纤维形成来产生有组织的原纤维阵列。由此产生的有组织的原纤维阵列将被用作全面调查的胶原原纤维形态和间距的基质分子的作用的起点。一旦我们的阵列被很好地表征，人类角膜成纤维细胞和人类脐带血来源的干细胞将被接种到它们中并暴露于机械刺激。我们期望在两个细胞群体中诱导分化。该申请的完成将为理解角膜基质发育的基础科学和实现我们的最终目标提供见解，该目标是从天然成分中体外生成功能性仿生人工角膜。公共卫生相关性：该申请的完成将为理解角膜基质发育的基础科学和实现我们的最终目标提供见解，该目标是从天然成分中体外生成功能性仿生人工角膜。鉴于生物材料工程和干细胞研究的最新进展（结合在本申请中），我们预计最终将提高临床医生的能力，为患有严重疾病的患者提供基于工程组织的可行替代治疗方案。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Every year in the United States, over 33,000 corneal transplants are performed. The success rate for this procedure is fairly high (90% after two years) and although current access to donor tissue is adequate, the quality of tissue varies significantly which influences surgical outcomes. In addition, the proliferation of LASIK procedures, which disqualifies a cornea for transplantation, threatens to reduce the availability of donor corneas in the near future. In recent years, laudable attempts have been made to produce corneal equivalents by tissue engineering. These constructs have proven the concept that three layers of cells, resembling the epithelium, keratocytes and endothelium may be cultured into a collagen matrix. However, such constructs have only met with limited success because the stromal matrix, which provides the cornea with its unique (and critically important) mechanical and optical properties, has not been reproduced. Randomly oriented collagen gels, which represent the typical starting point for tissue engineered corneas, are not likely to be strong enough or clear enough for clinical use. In addition, expecting a significant in vivo remodeling response to integrate a partially functioning artificial cornea is not acceptable. The artificial construct should be functional at the time of implantation. For these reasons, we propose a stromal-centric approach toward the generation of an artificial cornea. We start by investigating precisely how fibroblastic cells produce organized tissue in vitro by tracking human fibroblasts live as they produce matrix on a long-term live imaging culture system. Then by combining bioengineering, biology, biomechanics and biochemistry an attempt will be made to produce biomimetic stromal lamellae (the building blocks for an artificial cornea). The method entails using the intelligence already "encoded" into the collagen triple helix which produces organized arrays of fibrils simply by concentrating the monomers to induce liquid crystalline structure formation and fibrillogenesis. The resulting organized arrays of fibrils will be used as starting point for comprehensive investigation into the role of matrix molecules on collagen fibril morphology and spacing. Once our arrays are well-characterized, human corneal fibroblasts and human cord blood derived stem cells will be seeded into them and exposed to mechanical stimulation. We expect to induce differentiation in both populations of cells. Completion of this application will provide insight both to the basic science of understanding corneal stromal development and to achieving our ultimate goal, which is the ex vivo generation of a functional, biomimetic artificial cornea from natural components. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Completion of this application will provide insight both to the basic science of understanding corneal stromal development and to achieving our ultimate goal, which is the ex vivo generation of a functional, biomimetic artificial cornea from natural components. Given recent advances in biomaterials engineering and stem cell research (which are combined in this application) we expect to ultimately enhance the ability of clinicians to offer patients with significant morbidity viable alternative treatment options based on engineered tissue.