Alcohol policies to prevent and reduce youth violence exposure

 申请材料(申请人提供)：本申请是针对美国疾病控制与预防中心RFA-CE-15-001“预防暴力和暴力相关伤害研究资助(R01)”而提出的，旨在严格评估专门针对酒精政策的结构性干预措施，以初步预防美国儿童和青少年的青少年暴力行为。具体地说，我们的研究重点是酒精出口密度(一个结构性/环境因素)与酒精政策(例如增税和周日销售限制)导致的酒精环境变化之间的关系，以及随后在美国10个州的青少年暴力发生率，这些州是酒精饮料管制州，并拥有关于青少年暴力行为的公开数据。我们在1个州提供了更深入的分析，以检查政策执行的中介作用和总体社区无序/劣势的变化。有大量文献表明，酒精环境影响成年人的社区暴力和其他形式的人际暴力，例如身体攻击(例如，Franklin等人，2010；Gorman等人，1998；Gorman等人，2001，Jennings等人，2014)。专门研究将酒精环境作为预防和减少青少年暴力手段的结构性干预措施的研究要少得多，而且主要局限于改变欧洲最低饮酒年龄的研究(Toomey和Wagenaar，1999；Callaghan等人，2014；Kypri等人，2014)。拟议的研究提供了一个独特的机会，以审查酒精销售点和旨在减少酒精销售点密度和可获得性的结构性干预措施对青少年暴力的总体影响。我们还探索了整体邻里紊乱的潜在中介作用，这是一种已知的与酒精出口密度增加相关的因素。这项研究将评估酒精出口密度和结构性干预措施对儿童和青少年暴力行为的影响。据我们所知，这将是确定儿童和青少年之间这种关系的第一次全面评估。这项研究的具体目的是：目标1：确定青少年暴力在多大程度上与酒精出口密度和旨在管制和减少酒精出口密度、可获得性和可及性的政策在全国样本中的作用有关。目的2：在全国样本中检验酒精出口密度与青少年暴力可获得性之间的纵向关系(2004-2012)。我们将考察酒精政策和总体社区特征的调节作用，并考察基线酒精出口密度的调节作用。目的3：评估马里兰州限制酒精出口密度和可获得性的结构性干预措施的影响以及相应的执法战略，马里兰州是一个半酒精饮料管制州，有几项与酒精有关的最近和历史立法政策，理论上这些政策会影响Aoda和随后的青少年暴力发生率。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed application, submitted in response to CDC RFA-CE-15-001 'Research Grants for Preventing Violence and Violence Related Injury (R01)' seeks to rigorously evaluate structural interventions focused specifically on alcohol policies for the primary prevention of youth violence in US-based children and adolescents. Specifically we focus our study on the relationship between alcohol outlet density (a structural/environmental factor) and changes in the alcohol environment due to alcohol policies (e.g., tax increases and Sunday sales restrictions) on subsequent rates of youth violence in a cross-section of 10 U.S. States that are Alcohol Beverage Control States and have publically available data on youth violence perpetration. We provide a more in-depth analysis in 1 state to examine the mediating role of policy enforcement and changes in overall community disorder/disadvantage. There is a sizable body of literature demonstrating that the alcohol environment impacts community violence and other forms of interpersonal violence among adults, e.g., physical assaults (e.g., Franklin et al., 2010; Gorman et al., 1998; Gorman et al., 2001, Jennings et al., 2014). Far less research has been conducted that specifically examines structural interventions related to the alcohol environment as a means to prevent and reduce youth violence and have predominantly been limited to studies of changing the minimum drinking age in Europe (Toomey and Wagenaar, 1999; Callaghan, et al., 2014; Kypri, et al., 2014). The proposed research provides a unique opportunity to examine the overall impact of alcohol outlets and structural interventions designed to reduce alcohol outlet density and availability on youth violence. We also explore the potential mediating role of overall neighborhood disorder, a known correlate of increased alcohol outlet density. This study will evaluate the impact of alcohol outlet density and structural interventions on violence perpetrated by children and adolescents. To our knowledge, this would provide the first comprehensive evaluation that identifies this relationship among children and adolescents. The Specific Aims of this research are to: Aim 1: Determine the extent to which youth violence co-varies as a function of alcohol outlet density and policies designed to regulate and reduce alcohol outlet density, availability and access in a national sample. Aim 2: Examine the longitudinal relationship (from 2004-2012) between alcohol outlet density and availability on youth violence in national sample. We will examine the mediating role of alcohol policies and overall community characteristics, and examine the moderating role of baseline alcohol outlet density. Aim 3: Evaluate the impact of structural interventions to restrict alcohol outlet density and availability and corresponding enforcement strategies on youth violence in Maryland, a semi-alcohol beverage controls state with several recent and historical legislative policies related to alcohol that are theorized to impact AODA and subsequent rates of youth violence.