mZap! A mobile, community-based GPS mapping surveillance tool empowering communities to alleviate insect-borne disease and ecological risk in Costa Rica

在哥斯达黎加多样的生态环境中，各种昆虫媒介携带疾病， 登革热、基孔肯雅热、恰加斯病以及现在的寨卡病毒的爆发。病媒控制作为初级保健的一项战略 昆虫传播疾病的预防往往失败，由于广泛的化学和生物，基于地理 策略（例如，社区喷洒）证明无效或社区不能接受，或不一致的个人 行为或难以在个人层面实施的策略。然而，社区有大量未开发的 积极的民间和社会团体，当地企业和非正式组织的资源，可以促进 环境补救（消除昆虫繁殖地，减少热点）。这些来源很少，如果 从事病媒控制战略，也不是大量游客抵达哥斯达黎加谁是 他们经常对帮助他们访问的社区感兴趣。未开发的社区动员代表着一种 技术创新的机会，利用广泛的移动的电话使用和互联网接入， 加强病媒控制的人类行为方面。作为基于众测的应用程序（例如，Waze， Moovit）和游戏（例如，Pokémon GO）已经表明，应用程序用户可以虚拟协作，以影响组 使用共享的动态知识的行为。这种需求、技术和行为的结合--社区 动态为受虫媒疾病影响的地区的病媒控制提供了一个独特的机会。这 项目建议-被称为Zancudos，Ambiente y Proteccion，或<$mZAP！- 利用NIH资助的两个 罗切斯特大学和哥斯达黎加之间的十年关系：1）创造一个新颖的，社区- 驱动的、基于GPS的理论上知情的智能设备应用程序， 媒体支持的、基于网络的昆虫风险众包地图; 2）确定和展示社区战略 应用程序驱动的昆虫栖息地修复;以及，3）评估参与当地社区的使用和效用 和游客群体，以帮助确定昆虫风险和基于应用程序的众包行动。结果是…mZAP！ 工具有助于社区、家庭和个人识别、报告和应对栖息地风险， 与昆虫疾病控制有关。扎！在理论上， 行为，从根本上围绕参与式设计组织，并从概念到 原型和演示。扎！将在哥斯达黎加的几个国家开发和展示 代表不同社会和生态背景的社区。该项目将通过一个 经证明，现有NIH资助的支持社区ICT开发和测试的伙伴关系， 由设在乌拉圭的另一个由疾病预防控制中心资助的波多黎各全球网络伙伴关系提供的南南专门知识注入 瑞可扎！代表了一种范式转变，提供了第一个基于社区的众包系统， 这种方式可以帮助消除垄断和民主化技术干预，使社区能够 参与生态病媒控制过程，他们往往感到被排除在外。

A broad range of insect vectors carry disease in Costa Rica’s diverse ecology, causing substantial common outbreaks of Dengue, Chikungunya, Chagas, and, now, Zika. Vector control as a strategy for primary prevention of insect-borne disease often fails due to broad chemical and biological, geographically-based tactics (e.g., community spraying) proving ineffective or unacceptable to communities, or inconsistent individual behavior or difficult-to-implement strategies at the personal level. Communities, however, have large, untapped resources in motivated civil and social groups, local businesses, and informal organizations that could facilitate environmental remediation (removing insect breeding sites, reducing hotspots). These sources are rarely, if ever, engaged in vector control strategies, nor are the large tourist populations arriving in Costa Rica who are often interested in assisting the communities they visit. Untapped community mobilization represents an opportunity for technological innovation that leverages widespread mobile phone use and internet access to enhance the human behavior aspect of vector control. As crowdsensing-based applications (e.g., Waze, Moovit) and games (e.g., Pokémon GO) have shown, app users can collaborate virtually to effect group behavior using shared, dynamic knowledge. This combination of need, technology, and behavioral-community dynamics provides a unique opportunity for vector control in areas impacted by insect-borne disease. This project proposed - termed Zancudos, Ambiente y Proteccion, or ¡mZAP! - leverages an NIH-funded, two- decade relationship between the University of Rochester and Costa Rica to: 1) Create a novel, community- driven, GPS-based theoretically-informed smart device application coupled with a publicly-available, social media-enabled, web-based map to crowdsource insect risks; 2) Identify and demonstrate community strategies for app-driven remediation of insect habitats; and, 3) Evaluate the use and utility of engaging local community and tourist populations to help identify insect risk and crowdsource app-based action. The resulting ¡mZAP! tools help enable communities, households, and individuals to identify, report, and act around habitat risks that relate to insect-based disease control. ¡mZAP! is theoretically-informed to address individual and collective behavior, fundamentally organized around participatory design, and systematically managed from concept to prototyping and demonstration. ¡mZAP! will be developed and demonstrated in several Costa Rican communities representing different social and ecological contexts. The project will be implemented through a demonstrated, existing NIH-funded partnership that supports ICT development and testing in communities, infused by South-South expertise from another UR-based, CDC-funded global network partnership in Puerto Rico. ¡MZAP! represents a paradigm shift, providing the first community-based, crowdsourced system of its kind that could help demonopolize and democratize technological intervention enabling communities to participate in ecological vector-control processes from which they often feel excluded.