mZap! A mobile, community-based GPS mapping surveillance tool empowering communities to alleviate insect-borne disease and ecological risk in Costa Rica

在哥斯达黎加不同的生态环境中，广泛的昆虫媒介携带疾病，导致相当常见的 登革热、基孔肯雅热、恰加斯以及现在的寨卡病毒的爆发。将矢量控制作为小学教育的一种策略 由于广泛的化学和生物、地理基础，虫媒疾病的预防往往失败 战术(例如，社区喷洒)被证明无效或社区不能接受，或个人不一致 在个人层面上的行为或难以实施的策略。然而，社区有大量未开发的 在积极的公民和社会团体、当地企业和非正式组织中提供资源，以促进 环境修复(清除昆虫滋生点，减少热点)。这些来源很少，如果 从来没有参与过媒介控制战略，到达哥斯达黎加的大量游客人口也没有 通常对帮助他们访问的社区感兴趣。未开发的社区动员代表着一种 利用移动电话的广泛使用和互联网接入进行技术创新的机会 加强人类行为方面的媒介控制。作为基于人群感知的应用(例如，Waze， Moovit)和游戏(例如，精灵宝可梦Go)已经表明，应用程序用户可以虚拟协作来影响群组 使用共享的、动态的知识的行为。这种需求、技术和行为社区的组合 动态为在受虫媒疾病影响的地区控制病媒提供了独特的机会。这 提出的项目-被称为Zancudos，Ambiente y Proteccion，或称“mZAP！”-利用NIH资助的两个项目- 罗切斯特大学和哥斯达黎加之间的十年合作关系：1)创建一个新颖的社区- 驱动的、基于GPS的理论上知情的智能设备应用程序，以及可公开使用的社交 媒体支持的、基于网络的地图，以众包昆虫风险；2)确定和演示社区战略 用于应用程序驱动的昆虫栖息地补救；以及，3)评估参与当地社区的使用和效用 和旅游人口，以帮助识别昆虫风险和众包应用程序为基础的行动。结果是……ZAP！ 工具可帮助社区、家庭和个人识别、报告和应对栖息地风险 与以昆虫为基础的疾病控制有关。“ZAP！从理论上讲是针对个人和集体的 行为，从根本上围绕参与式设计组织，并从概念到系统地管理 原型制作和演示。“ZAP！将在几个哥斯达黎加开发和演示 代表不同社会和生态环境的社区。该项目将通过一个 美国国立卫生研究院资助的现有伙伴关系，支持社区中的信息和通信技术开发和测试， 由位于波多黎各的另一家由疾病控制与预防中心资助的全球网络伙伴关系的南南专业知识注入 里科。“我的ZAP！代表着范式的转变，提供了ITS的第一个基于社区的众包系统 一种可以帮助使技术干预去中心化和民主化的类型，使社区能够 参与他们经常感到被排除在外的生态病媒控制过程。

A broad range of insect vectors carry disease in Costa Rica’s diverse ecology, causing substantial common outbreaks of Dengue, Chikungunya, Chagas, and, now, Zika. Vector control as a strategy for primary prevention of insect-borne disease often fails due to broad chemical and biological, geographically-based tactics (e.g., community spraying) proving ineffective or unacceptable to communities, or inconsistent individual behavior or difficult-to-implement strategies at the personal level. Communities, however, have large, untapped resources in motivated civil and social groups, local businesses, and informal organizations that could facilitate environmental remediation (removing insect breeding sites, reducing hotspots). These sources are rarely, if ever, engaged in vector control strategies, nor are the large tourist populations arriving in Costa Rica who are often interested in assisting the communities they visit. Untapped community mobilization represents an opportunity for technological innovation that leverages widespread mobile phone use and internet access to enhance the human behavior aspect of vector control. As crowdsensing-based applications (e.g., Waze, Moovit) and games (e.g., Pokémon GO) have shown, app users can collaborate virtually to effect group behavior using shared, dynamic knowledge. This combination of need, technology, and behavioral-community dynamics provides a unique opportunity for vector control in areas impacted by insect-borne disease. This project proposed - termed Zancudos, Ambiente y Proteccion, or ¡mZAP! - leverages an NIH-funded, two- decade relationship between the University of Rochester and Costa Rica to: 1) Create a novel, community- driven, GPS-based theoretically-informed smart device application coupled with a publicly-available, social media-enabled, web-based map to crowdsource insect risks; 2) Identify and demonstrate community strategies for app-driven remediation of insect habitats; and, 3) Evaluate the use and utility of engaging local community and tourist populations to help identify insect risk and crowdsource app-based action. The resulting ¡mZAP! tools help enable communities, households, and individuals to identify, report, and act around habitat risks that relate to insect-based disease control. ¡mZAP! is theoretically-informed to address individual and collective behavior, fundamentally organized around participatory design, and systematically managed from concept to prototyping and demonstration. ¡mZAP! will be developed and demonstrated in several Costa Rican communities representing different social and ecological contexts. The project will be implemented through a demonstrated, existing NIH-funded partnership that supports ICT development and testing in communities, infused by South-South expertise from another UR-based, CDC-funded global network partnership in Puerto Rico. ¡MZAP! represents a paradigm shift, providing the first community-based, crowdsourced system of its kind that could help demonopolize and democratize technological intervention enabling communities to participate in ecological vector-control processes from which they often feel excluded.