Sensory Science and Metabolism; Molecular and Neuronal Mechanisms

在Paule Joseph博士的领导下，感官科学和新陈代谢(SenSMet)实验室于2017年10月(2018财年)成立。约瑟夫在本财年(19财年)开始了她在NIAAA的第二次任命。SenSMet实验室进行翻译和临床住院和门诊研究。已经开展了积极的合作，以调查在营养、味道和肥胖方面共同感兴趣的领域。具体地说，与加里·吉本斯博士(NIHGRI)和凯文·霍尔博士(NIDDK)合作实施了两项双盲临床方案，其感觉表型措施已经实施。此外，还开展了新的合作，以研究肥胖的神经机制，以及在澳大利亚/澳大利亚大学的参与者中进行的多感官研究。 1.微生物组和代谢物 设计微生物组研究：护理中的意义。由凯瑟琳·马基领导。护士科学家在研究复杂的关系时具有重要意义，这些关系有助于人类健康和疾病，包括微生物组和遗传学。这篇综述的目的是强调实施或设计微生物组研究的重要方法学因素，唯一的目的是作为护士科学家的指南。审查强调了影响人类微生物组的因素以及样品处理和元基因组测序的方法(Maki等人，2019年)。 服用益生菌后健康儿童的代谢物分析。由亚历克西斯·弗兰克斯领导。这项研究考察了健康儿童服用益生菌后的代谢变化。结果尚待公布。 2.感觉系统：味觉 进食障碍患者的口味差异。在与Ariana Chao博士的合作下，我们的团队观察了进食障碍患者口味的变化。这项系统的综述检查了对患有进食障碍(神经性厌食症、神经性暴食症和暴饮暴食障碍)的个体进行的评估味觉差异的研究，这些研究从心理生理和神经成像技术两方面进行了测量。结果显示，不同饮食障碍人群的味觉存在差异。例如，心理物理学研究表明，与对照组相比，患有神经性暴食症的人更喜欢甜味物质。此外，结果表明，在研究口味和饮食行为的方法上存在不一致(Chao，Roy，Franks，Joseph，2019)。 同时出现的胃肠道症状与接受化疗的肿瘤患者的口味变化有关。由Alissa Nolden博士和Paule Joseph博士以及加州大学旧金山分校的合作者领导。这项研究检查了患者报告的食物味道变化(CFT)的频率、严重性和痛苦，并将它们与接受化疗的癌症患者的表型和胃肠道症状相关联。结果发现，报告CTF的患者中有很高比例经常出现胃肠道症状。分析表明，大多数胃肠道症状，包括便秘、腹泻、痉挛和腹胀，都增加了CFT患者发生胃肠道症状的几率。结论表明在癌症患者护理过程中包括CFT评估的重要性。它建议未来的研究应该包括在整个化疗过程中研究这种相关性，并建议应该研究分子机制，以最终了解CFT和GI症状如何影响饮食行为和营养状态(Nolden，Joseph...等人，2019年)。 3.肥胖与营养 过去十年中青少年肥胖的情况。由埃莉诺·坎贝尔博士和亚历克西斯·弗兰克斯领导。这篇综述回顾了过去十年来影响青少年肥胖的食物选择决定因素和遗传标记的文献。结果突显了这一特定队列中的研究差距，包括将青少年参与者与更小的儿童合并。此外，研究结果还表明了几个因素的重要性，如遗传学/基因组学和社会经济地位对青少年肥胖的影响。此外，未来关于青少年肥胖的研究以及精确健康在肥胖治疗和干预中的含义也是必要的(Campbell，Franks和Joseph，2018)。 全面系统地分析与体重指数相关的基因表达模式。由保罗·约瑟夫博士领导。这项研究调查了90名健康个体的临床和微阵列遗传数据，以了解最终可能影响肥胖的不同基因之间的相互作用模式。体重基因联合分析和几种计算方法揭示了与体重指数相关的七个单独基因、两个基因模块(与分解代谢和肌肉系统过程有关)和几个更高级别的基因表达相互作用。这项研究的意义表明，应该进一步探索这些更高级别的遗传相互作用，以了解BMI相关机制(Joseph等人，2019年)。

The Sensory Science and Metabolism (SenSMet) laboratory under the leadership of Dr. Paule Joseph had its inception in October 2017 (FY2018).Dr. Joseph began her secondary appointment with NIAAA this fiscal year (FY19). The SenSMet laboratory conducts translation and clinical inpatient and outpatient studies. Active collaborations to investigate areas of common interest in nutrition, taste, and obesity have been undertaken. Specifically, two double-blind clinical protocols for which sensory phenotyping measures have been implemented in collaboration with Dr Gary Gibbons (NIHGRI) and Dr. Kevin Hall (NIDDK). In addition, new collaborations develop to investigate neuronal mechanisms in obesity as well as multi-sensory studies in AUD/OUD participants. 1. Microbiome and Metabolites Designing Microbiome Studies: Implications in Nursing. Led by Katherine Maki. Nurse scientists are significant when studying complex relationships which contribute to human health and disease, including the microbiome and genetics. The purpose of this review was to highlight the important methodological factors to implement or design a microbiome study with the sole intention to be used as a guide for nurse scientists. The review emphasized the factors influencing the human microbiome along with methodologies on sample processing and metagenomic sequencing ( Maki et al, 2019). Metabolite Profiling in Healthy Children Following Probiotic Consumption. Led by Alexis Franks. This study examines metabolomic alterations in healthy children following probiotic consumption. Results are pending. 2. Sensory Systems: Gustation Taste Differences Among People with Eating Disorders. In collaboration with Dr. Ariana Chao, our team looked at alterations in taste with eating disorders. This systematic review examined research assessing taste differences, measured both psychophysically and with neuroimaging techniques, across individuals with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder). The results yielded differences in taste perception among eating disorder groups. For example, psychophysical studies revealed individuals with bulimia nervosa had greater preferences for sweet substances compared to controls. Additionally, results illuminated inconsistencies in methodologies in studies examining taste and eating behaviors (Chao, Roy, Franks, Joseph, 2019). Co-Occurring Gastrointestinal Symptoms Are Associated with Taste Changes in Oncology Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Led by Drs. Alissa Nolden and Paule Joseph and collaborators at UCSF. This study examines the frequency, severity, and distress of patient-reported changes in the way food tastes (CFT) and correlates them with phenotypic and GI symptoms in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Results found that a high percentage of patients, who reported CTF, had frequent occurrence of GI symptoms. Analysis showed that most of the GI symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, cramps, and bloating, had increased odds of developing in patients with CFT. Conclusions express the importance of including the assessment of CFT in the cancer patient care process. It suggests that future studies should include study this correlation over the entire course of chemotherapy treatment and recommends that molecular mechanisms should be examined to ultimately understand how CFT and GI symptoms can influence dietary behaviors and nutritional status (Nolden, Joseph...et al., 2019). 3. Obesity and Nutrition Adolescent Obesity in the Past Decade. Led by Dr. Eleanor Campbell and Alexis Franks. This review to examine literature regarding the determinants of food choice and genetic markers influencing adolescent obesity over the past decade. The results highlighted the research gap within this specific cohort, including merging adolescent participants with younger children. Also, the results demonstrated the importance of several factors, such as genetics/genomics and socioeconomic status on adolescent obesity. In addition, future studies that focus on adolescent obesity are warranted as well as the implication of precision health in obesity treatment and interventions (Campbell, Franks and Joseph, 2018). Comprehensive and Systematic Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Body Mass Index. Led by Dr. Paule Joseph. This study investigates clinical and microarray genetic data from 90 healthy individuals to understand patterns of interaction between different genes that can ultimately affect obesity. Weight gene co-analysis and several computational methods revealed seven individual genes, two gene modules (associated with catabolic and muscular system processes), and several higher-order gene expression interactions that were correlated to BMI. The implications from this study suggest that these higher order genetic interactions should be further explored to understand BMI-related mechanisms (Joseph et al., 2019).