Risk for Internalizing during Kindergarten for Children with Dysregulated Fear

描述（由申请人提供）：相当数量的儿童和青少年发展内化障碍，如焦虑。关于抑郁症和焦虑症的病因和预防的研究和理论部分集中在个人风险因素上，如恐惧的气质。然而，只有小到中度的影响，恐惧的气质的风险行为的内在化谱已被发现。[描绘的发展过程，从幼儿情绪化的内在化障碍的发展精神病理学的目标和这个项目。问题是哪些恐惧的孩子风险最大？定义和测量恐惧气质的主要方法主要集中在观察到多少恐惧，然后在各种情况下进行平均，以确定处于风险中的儿童。本建议中概述的这种方法的替代方案侧重于检查情绪行为的调节，以确定处于风险中的儿童。具体来说，对于拟议的研究，将通过考虑儿童行为的诱发背景来衡量失调，这样在被认为是低威胁的情况下的极端恐惧将构成适应不良（即，反应失调），并使儿童面临更大的风险。 拟议的研究扩展了以前的文献，通过检查两个队列的儿童使用观察，家长报告，教师报告，儿童自我报告和生理方法，将恐惧气质与内化谱系障碍的风险联系起来。总体目标是确定一个更同质的儿童群体，与典型的恐惧儿童相比，他们的内化行为风险更大。患有这些失调的恐惧特征的儿童将从24个月大到上学的第一年（6岁）进行随访。拟议的研究将实现以下目标。研究目标1解决了在24个月大时具有失调的恐惧特征的儿童是否更有可能在3年后的幼儿园期间出现与内化谱一致的情绪和行为调整问题。[研究目标2解决了生理反应在识别失调的恐惧以及失调的恐惧和内化之间的关联中的作用。研究目标3解决了从24个月大到6岁的失调恐惧行为的稳定性。正如本提案中所讨论的，这是一种表征恐惧气质的创新方法，并且假设恐惧失调将是识别焦虑症风险的更有效方法。拟议的研究有可能大大有助于文献，并鼓励未来的研究，以评估适应性和适应不良配对的行为和背景，这对调整整个发展的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A substantial number of children and adolescents develop internalizing disorders such as anxiety. Research and theory on the etiology and prevention of depression and anxiety has focused, in part, on individual risk factors such as fearful temperament. However, only small to moderate effects of fearful temperament on risk for behaviors in the internalizing spectrum have been found. [Delineating the developmental process from early childhood emotionality to internalizing disorders a goal of developmental psychopathology and this project. The question is which fearful children are at greatest risk? The dominant approach to defining and measuring fearful temperament focuses predominantly on how much fear is observed and then averaging across situations to identify children at risk.] An alternative to this approach, outlined in this proposal, focuses on examination of the dvsregulation of emotional behavior to identify at-risk children. Specifically, for the proposed research, dysregulation will be measured by taking into account the eliciting context of the child's behavior such that extreme fear in situations deemed to be low in threat would constitute a maladaptive (i.e., dysregulated response) and put the child at greater risk. The proposed research extends the previous literature linking fearful temperament with risk for internalizing spectrum disorders by examining two cohorts of children using observational, parent report, teacher report, child self-report, and physiological methodologies. The overarching goal is to identify a more homogeneous group of children at greater risk for internalizing behaviors compared to typically-identified fearful children.] Children with these dysregulated fear profiles will be followed from 24 months of age through the first year of school (age 6). The proposed research will address the following goals. Research Goal 1 addresses whether children with dysregulated fear profiles at 24 months of age are more likely to have emotional and behavioral adjustment problems consistent with the internalizing spectrum 3 years later, during kindergarten. [Research Goal 2 addresses the role that physiological reactivity has in identifying dysregulated fear and the association between dysregulated fear and internalizing.] Research Goal 3 addresses the stability of dysregulated fear behavior from 24 months of age to 6 years of age. As discussed throughout this proposal this is an innovative approach to characterizing fearful temperament, and it is hypothesized that dysregulation of fear will be a more efficacious approach to identifying risk for anxiety disorders. The proposed research has the potential to contribute significantly to the literature and encourage future research to evaluate the adaptive and maladaptive pairings of behavior and context and the implications this has for adjustment throughout development.