HWWT

重水污水处理厂

• 批准号: 8306768
• 负责人: LaMont Byrd
• 金额: $ 167.55万
• 依托单位: INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-08-01 至 2015-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8306768
• 关键词: 14 year old; Accidents; Affect; Agreement; Alabama; Area; Arsenic; Awareness; Barium; Boat; Chemical Exposure; Chemicals; Chlorine; Chromium; City Government; Coal; Communities; Complex; Contractor; Corrosives; Disasters; Educational Curriculum; Emergency Situation; Employee; Engineering; Face; Fire - disasters; Fossils; Gases; Gasoline; Grant; Hazardous Substances; Hazardous Waste; Hazardous Waste Sites; Health; Health Hazards; Height; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Immigrant; Injury; International; Joints; Knowledge; Lead; Learning; Life; Liquid substance; Manganese; Manuals; Mechanical Ventilators; Methods; Minority; Movement; Neighborhoods; Occupations; Online Systems; Plants; Poison; Police; Procedures; Protective Clothing; Published Comment; Radioactive; Railroads; Reading; Recycling; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Research Infrastructure; Risk; Rivers; Safety; Security; Site; Solid; Target Populations; Time; Training; Training Programs; Transportation; Tribes; Trust; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Work; Workplace; boys; college; community organizations; cost; experience; falls; hazard; injured; innovative technologies; killings; man; neighborhood safety; operation; remediation; repaired; respiratory; response; trafficking; vapor; wasting; web site

b.1. Background and Need for Worker Safety, Health and Security Training Hazardous waste clean-up operations expose remediation workers, transportation workers, warehouse workers, rail workers and construction workers to a wide range of safety and health hazards. Workers are especially at risk during excavation, demolition, site waste hauling operations, and warehousing of hazardous materials. Workers in areas where chemical exposures are possible are required to wear chemical protective clothing and respirators. On-site construction workers at hazardous waste clean-up sites face safety hazards typical of construction projects, including working at heights, working in excavations, falling objects, manual materials handling, electrical hazards, etc. Many remediation contractors are construction companies. It is not unusual for a construction site to become a hazardous waste site when contaminants from prior industrial uses or illegal disposal are discovered at the site. Warehouses are used to store a variety of hazardous and combustible materials. The materials stored at warehouses may change from day to day. Warehouse employees are required to move hazardous, combustible, or incompatible materials to trucks for shipment, to other storage sites within the warehouse complex, or to treatment and disposal facilities. Transportation and railroad workers are potentially exposed to the hazardous materials they handle. Railroad workers are exposed to hazardous materials when they move damaged rail cars and repair tracks after an accident involving hazardous materials. Up to 70% of rail workers are potentially exposed to hazardous waste hauled by train (Rosenthal 1999). More than 3 billion tons of regulated hazardous materials, including explosives, poisons, corrosives, flammables and radioactive materials are transported each year. The hazardous materials shipments range in size from several ounces to thousands of tons. There are 1.2 million daily hazardous materials movements via truck, rail, and boat. Many of these shipments require transfer between modes. The shipments are routed through densely populated or sensitive areas where an incident could result in the loss of life, serious injury, or significant environmental damage. (Research and Innovative Technology Administration, 2008). Accidental hazardous materials incidents injure and kill workers, and affect surrounding communities. In 2008, 16,804 transportation hazardous materials incidents were reported to DOT resulting in 202 non-hospitalized injuries,17 hospitalizations, 9 fatalities, and damages totally $55,709,476 (DOT 2008). Examples of hazardous materials transportation emergencies include the following: In July, 2009 a gas tanker overturned on Interstate 95 in Newburyport, MA. One man and a 14-year old boy were critically injured and 3 people were treated at a near-by hospital and released. (Gloucester Daily Times, July 9 2009.) The gas tanker spilled 8,000 gallons of gasoline onto 1-95, forced city government to shut off utilities in the area because of a high vapor reading, and forced the evacuation of near-by neighborhoods. Gasoline from the spill leaked into the storm drains that led into the Merrimack River causing boat traffic to be diverted. In December, 2008 a dike at the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant failed and released 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash over a 300 acre area. It has been estimated that 2.2 million pounds of the ash may contain significant levels of arsenic, lead, barium, chromium and manganese. The clean-up of the Kingston Fossil Plant will require hazardous materials workers to remediate the site and transport ash from the contaminated area to storage, treatment, and disposal sites in Alabama and Georgia. TVA expects remediation and clean-up costs to range from $525 million to $825 million. (TVA Website) In 2004 a chlorine leak from a rail tanker car created a gas plume near San Antonio, TX that killed the conductor and 2 residents. Another 50 people were hospitalized, 2 in critical condition (Seewalt, 2004). As a result of this disaster, 60 police, fire and sheriff's dispatchers participate in NLC's on-line hazardous materials transportation awareness course. On January 6, 2006 a train derailed in Graniteville, SC. The train engineer and 8 residents died from the release of 40 tons of chlorine. Hundreds of citizens suffered various forms of respiratory effects. Everyday exposures that workers face is another reason transportation workers need adequate training. Many of these workers have spent years on the job unaware of the health effects and necessary precautions needed in their daily activities. The following comments from trainees demonstrate the lack of understanding and awareness: ¿ "When there is an incident on the tracks (a spill) we are always told to just cover it up or ignore it, and I am going to make them to do the right thing." ¿ "A chlorine car over turned, nobody knew what to do. Half the people wanted us to go; the other half wanted us to fix it. Training has helped me realize the important thing to do."

b.1.工人安全、健康和安保培训的背景和需求 危险废物清理作业使修复工人、运输工人、仓库工人、铁路工人和建筑工人面临各种安全和健康危害。在挖掘、拆除、现场废物运输作业和危险材料仓储过程中，工人尤其面临风险。在可能接触化学品的区域工作的工人必须穿戴化学防护服和呼吸器。 危险废物清理场的现场施工人员面临着建筑项目的典型安全隐患，包括高处作业、挖掘作业、坠物、人工搬运材料、触电危险等。许多修复承包商都是建筑公司。当建筑工地发现先前工业用途或非法处置的污染物时，建筑工地成为危险废物场的情况并不罕见。 仓库用于储存各种危险品和易燃物品。仓库中存储的材料可能每天都会发生变化。仓库员工必须将危险、可燃或不相容的材料转移到卡车上运输、转移到仓库内的其他存储地点或转移到处理和处置设施。 运输和铁路工人可能会接触到他们处理的危险材料。 铁路工人在涉及危险材料的事故后移动受损的火车车厢和修复轨道时会接触到危险材料。高达 70% 的铁路工人可能接触到火车运输的危险废物（Rosenthal 1999）。 每年运输超过30亿吨受管制的危险物品，包括爆炸物、毒物、腐蚀物、易燃物和放射性物质。危险材料的运输量从几盎司到数千吨不等。每天有 120 万次危险物质通过卡车、铁路和轮船运输。其中许多货物需要在运输方式之间转移。货物经过人口稠密或敏感区域，一旦发生事故可能会导致 生命损失、严重伤害或重大环境破坏。 （研究和创新技术管理局，2008 年）。意外危险材料事件导致工人受伤和死亡，并影响周围社区。 2008 年，向 DOT 报告了 16,804 起危险材料运输事故，造成 202 人非住院伤害、17 人住院、9 人死亡，损失总计 55,709,476 美元（DOT 2008）。 危险材料运输紧急情况的例子包括： 2009 年 7 月，马萨诸塞州纽伯里波特 95 号州际公路上的一辆储气罐翻车。一名男子和一名 14 岁男孩受重伤，三人在附近医院接受治疗后出院。 （《格洛斯特每日时报》，2009 年 7 月 9 日。） 油罐车将 8,000 加仑汽油泄漏到 1-95 号公路上，由于蒸汽读数过高，迫使市政府关闭该地区的公用设施，并迫使附近社区疏散。泄漏的汽油泄漏到通往梅里马克河的雨水渠中，导致船只交通改道。 2008 年 12 月，TVA Kingston 化石工厂的堤坝溃决，导致 300 英亩的土地上释放出 540 万立方码的煤灰。据估计，220 万磅的灰烬中可能含有大量的砷、铅、钡、铬和 锰。金斯顿化石工厂的清理工作将需要危险材料工人对现场进行修复，并将灰烬从受污染地区运输到阿拉巴马州和佐治亚州的储存、处理和处置场所。 TVA 预计修复和清理成本将在 5.25 亿美元至 8.25 亿美元之间。 （TVA网站） 2004 年，德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市附近一辆铁路罐车发生氯气泄漏，产生气体羽流，导致列车长和 2 名居民死亡。另有 50 人住院治疗，其中 2 人情况危急（Seewalt，2004 年）。 由于这场灾难，60 名警察、消防员和治安官调度员参加了 NLC 的在线危险材料运输意识课程。 2006 年 1 月 6 日，一列火车在南卡罗来纳州格拉尼特维尔出轨。火车工程师和 8 名居民因 40 吨氯的释放而死亡。 数百名公民遭受了各种形式的呼吸系统疾病。 工人每天面临的暴露是运输工人需要充分培训的另一个原因。这些工人中的许多人在工作中工作了多年，却没有意识到日常活动对健康的影响和必要的预防措施。学员的以下评论表明缺乏理解和认识： “当铁轨上发生事故（泄漏）时，我们总是被告知要掩盖它或忽略它，我会让他们做正确的事情。” “一辆氯气车翻了，没人知道该怎么办。一半人希望我们走；另一半人希望我们修好它。培训帮助我意识到要做的重要事情。”