Food Choices in Overweight & Normal Weight Adolescents - Sleep & Circadian Rhythm

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年肥胖是美国的一个主要公共卫生问题：34%的12-19岁美国青少年超重或肥胖。肥胖对青少年的影响存在于许多心理和医学共病中;超重和肥胖青少年也有很高的风险成为肥胖的成年人，并伴随终身相关风险。我们提出了一个独特的项目来研究昼夜节律和睡眠生物学，化学感觉感知和心理生理学的基本方面，可以影响食物的选择和食物消费，并可能在肥胖/超重（OW）和正常体重（NW）青少年之间有所不同。年龄在12至15.9岁之间的健康OW和NW男孩和女孩将按照严格的睡眠/唤醒时间表在家生活2周，然后连续11天进入实验室。实验室会话期间的睡眠/唤醒被安排在28小时的一天，随后是32小时的延长清醒发作和4小时的睡眠。实验室评估包括睡眠（多导睡眠描记）、化学敏感性（味觉和嗅觉）、唤醒（多次睡眠潜伏期测试）、昼夜节律时间（唾液褪黑激素）、警惕性、冲动控制、注意力偏差、分心、饱腹感和饥饿感的测量。将在6个昼夜节律时相测量瘦素、生长激素释放肽、葡萄糖、胰岛素和皮质醇的空腹水平，并在体重组之间进行比较。食物选择和食物消费将作为主要因变量进行监测。具体假设如下：（1）OW将具有较晚的基线昼夜节律时相（2）OW将在基线时具有减少的慢波睡眠，并且响应于延长的觉醒;（3）OW将选择更高热量的食物，并且在比NW晚的昼夜节律阶段消耗更多的热量;（4）OW会选择高热量的食物，在醒着的日子里比NW消耗更多的热量。其他措施的影响（例如，化学敏感性、唤醒、冲动控制等）体重组的差异将通过潜在生长模型进行探索。还将对性别差异进行描述性分析和探索。这项研究的结果可能会揭示特定的饮食相关的风险因素OW青少年，可能会提供目标和策略的对策，以防止或改善超重和肥胖的青少年和困扰，并可能建议如何加强减肥干预。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent obesity is a major public health issue for America: 34% of US adolescents ages 12-19 years are overweight or obese. The impacts of obesity on teenagers are found in many psychosocial and medical comorbidities; overweight and obese adolescents are also at high risk of becoming obese adults with lifelong associated risks. We propose a unique project to examine fundamental aspects of circadian and sleep biology, chemosensory perception, and psychophysiology that can influence food choices and food consumption and may differ between obese/overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) adolescents. Healthy OW and NW boys and girls ages 12 to 15.9 years will live at home on a strict sleep/wake schedule for 2 weeks and then enter the lab for 11 consecutive days. Sleep/wake during the in-lab session are scheduled on a 28-h day, followed by a 32-h extended waking episode and a 4-h sleep. In-lab assessments include measures of sleep (polysomnography), chemosensitivity (taste and smell), arousal (multiple sleep latency test), circadian time (salivary melatonin), vigilance, impulse control, attentional bias, distraction, satiety, and hunger. Fasting levels of leptin, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol will be measured at 6 circadian phases and compared across weight groups. Food choices and food consumption will be monitored throughout as the principal dependent variables. Specific hypotheses are: (1) OW will have later baseline circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset-DLMO) and longer intrinsic circadian period than NW; (2) OW will have reduced slow wave sleep at baseline and in response to extended wakefulness; (3) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories at later circadian phases than NW; (4) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories than NW later in the waking day. The influence of other measures (e.g., chemosensitivity, arousal, impulse control, etc.) in weight-group differences will be explored with latent growth modeling. Descriptive analyses and exploration of sex differences will also be performed. Findings from this study may bring to light specific eating-related risks factors for OW teens, may provide targets and strategies for countermeasures to prevent or ameliorate overweight and obesity in adolescents and the distress that ensues and may suggest ways to enhance weight loss interventions.