Food Choices in Overweight & Normal Weight Adolescents - Sleep & Circadian Rhythm

描述(申请人提供)：青少年肥胖是美国的一个主要公共卫生问题：美国12-19岁的青少年中有34%超重或肥胖。肥胖对青少年的影响存在于许多心理社会和医学合并症中；超重和肥胖的青少年也有成为肥胖成年人的高风险，并伴随着终身相关的风险。我们提出了一个独特的项目来研究昼夜节律和睡眠生物学、化学感觉和心理生理学的基本方面，这些方面可以影响食物选择和食物消费，并可能在肥胖/超重(OW)和正常体重(NW)青少年之间有所不同。12岁到15.9岁的健康的OW和NW男孩和女孩将严格按照睡眠/起床时间表在家中生活两周，然后连续11天进入实验室。实验室实验期间的睡眠/唤醒时间安排为每天28小时，然后是32小时的延长清醒时间和4小时的睡眠。实验室评估包括测量睡眠(多导睡眠图)、化学敏感性(味觉和嗅觉)、唤醒(多次睡眠潜伏期测试)、昼夜节律(唾液褪黑激素)、警觉性、冲动控制、注意力偏差、分心、饱腹感和饥饿感。空腹瘦素、Ghrelin、血糖、胰岛素和皮质醇水平将在6个昼夜节律阶段进行测量，并在不同体重组之间进行比较。食物选择和食物消费将作为主要的因变量进行全程监测。具体的假设是：(1)OW会比NW有更晚的基线昼夜节律期(暗淡的褪黑素开始-DLMO)和更长的内在昼夜节律周期；(2)OW会减少基线的慢波睡眠，并对延长的觉醒做出反应；(3)OW会选择更高卡路里的食物，并在晚些时候消耗比NW更多的卡路里；(4)OW会选择更高卡路里的食物，在醒着的一天晚些时候消耗比NW更多的卡路里。其他措施(如化疗敏感性、唤醒、冲动控制等)的影响。在重量组中，将使用潜在增长模型来探索差异。还将对性别差异进行描述性分析和探索。这项研究的结果可能揭示OW青少年与饮食相关的具体危险因素，可能为预防或改善青少年超重和肥胖以及随之而来的痛苦提供目标和策略，并可能提出加强减肥干预的方法。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent obesity is a major public health issue for America: 34% of US adolescents ages 12-19 years are overweight or obese. The impacts of obesity on teenagers are found in many psychosocial and medical comorbidities; overweight and obese adolescents are also at high risk of becoming obese adults with lifelong associated risks. We propose a unique project to examine fundamental aspects of circadian and sleep biology, chemosensory perception, and psychophysiology that can influence food choices and food consumption and may differ between obese/overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) adolescents. Healthy OW and NW boys and girls ages 12 to 15.9 years will live at home on a strict sleep/wake schedule for 2 weeks and then enter the lab for 11 consecutive days. Sleep/wake during the in-lab session are scheduled on a 28-h day, followed by a 32-h extended waking episode and a 4-h sleep. In-lab assessments include measures of sleep (polysomnography), chemosensitivity (taste and smell), arousal (multiple sleep latency test), circadian time (salivary melatonin), vigilance, impulse control, attentional bias, distraction, satiety, and hunger. Fasting levels of leptin, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol will be measured at 6 circadian phases and compared across weight groups. Food choices and food consumption will be monitored throughout as the principal dependent variables. Specific hypotheses are: (1) OW will have later baseline circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset-DLMO) and longer intrinsic circadian period than NW; (2) OW will have reduced slow wave sleep at baseline and in response to extended wakefulness; (3) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories at later circadian phases than NW; (4) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories than NW later in the waking day. The influence of other measures (e.g., chemosensitivity, arousal, impulse control, etc.) in weight-group differences will be explored with latent growth modeling. Descriptive analyses and exploration of sex differences will also be performed. Findings from this study may bring to light specific eating-related risks factors for OW teens, may provide targets and strategies for countermeasures to prevent or ameliorate overweight and obesity in adolescents and the distress that ensues and may suggest ways to enhance weight loss interventions.