Food Choices in Overweight & Normal Weight Adolescents - Sleep & Circadian Rhythm

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年肥胖是美国的一个主要公共卫生问题：美国12-19岁的青少年中有34%超重或肥胖。肥胖对青少年的影响体现在许多社会心理和医学合并症中；超重和肥胖的青少年也很有可能成为肥胖的成年人，并伴随终生的相关风险。我们提出了一个独特的项目来研究昼夜节律和睡眠生物学、化学感觉知觉和心理生理学的基本方面，这些方面可以影响食物选择和食物消费，并且可能在肥胖/超重（OW）和正常体重（NW）青少年之间存在差异。12至15.9岁的健康的OW和NW男孩和女孩将按照严格的睡眠/觉醒时间表在家中生活2周，然后进入实验室连续11天。实验期间的睡眠/觉醒被安排在28小时的一天，随后是32小时的延长清醒期和4小时的睡眠。实验室评估包括睡眠（多导睡眠图）、化学敏感性（味觉和嗅觉）、觉醒（多重睡眠潜伏期测试）、昼夜节律时间（唾液褪黑激素）、警惕性、冲动控制、注意力偏差、注意力分散、饱腹感和饥饿感。瘦素、胃饥饿素、葡萄糖、胰岛素和皮质醇的空腹水平将在6个昼夜节律阶段进行测量，并在体重组之间进行比较。食物选择和食物消费将作为主要的因变量全程监测。具体假设为：(1)低纬度人群的基线昼夜节律阶段（昏暗光线下褪黑激素发作- dlmo）较低纬度人群晚，内在昼夜节律周期较长；(2)在基线和延长清醒状态下，OW会减少慢波睡眠；(3)低潮比低潮在晚生理阶段会选择高热量食物并消耗更多热量；(4)在清醒的白天晚些时候，OW会比NW选择更高热量的食物并消耗更多的热量。其他措施（如化学敏感性、唤醒、冲动控制等）对体重组差异的影响将通过潜在增长模型进行探讨。还将对性别差异进行描述性分析和探索。本研究的发现可能会揭示青少年肥胖的特定饮食相关风险因素，可能为预防或改善青少年超重和肥胖及其随之而来的困扰提供目标和对策，并可能提出加强减肥干预的方法。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent obesity is a major public health issue for America: 34% of US adolescents ages 12-19 years are overweight or obese. The impacts of obesity on teenagers are found in many psychosocial and medical comorbidities; overweight and obese adolescents are also at high risk of becoming obese adults with lifelong associated risks. We propose a unique project to examine fundamental aspects of circadian and sleep biology, chemosensory perception, and psychophysiology that can influence food choices and food consumption and may differ between obese/overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) adolescents. Healthy OW and NW boys and girls ages 12 to 15.9 years will live at home on a strict sleep/wake schedule for 2 weeks and then enter the lab for 11 consecutive days. Sleep/wake during the in-lab session are scheduled on a 28-h day, followed by a 32-h extended waking episode and a 4-h sleep. In-lab assessments include measures of sleep (polysomnography), chemosensitivity (taste and smell), arousal (multiple sleep latency test), circadian time (salivary melatonin), vigilance, impulse control, attentional bias, distraction, satiety, and hunger. Fasting levels of leptin, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol will be measured at 6 circadian phases and compared across weight groups. Food choices and food consumption will be monitored throughout as the principal dependent variables. Specific hypotheses are: (1) OW will have later baseline circadian phase (dim light melatonin onset-DLMO) and longer intrinsic circadian period than NW; (2) OW will have reduced slow wave sleep at baseline and in response to extended wakefulness; (3) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories at later circadian phases than NW; (4) OW will select higher calorie food and consume more calories than NW later in the waking day. The influence of other measures (e.g., chemosensitivity, arousal, impulse control, etc.) in weight-group differences will be explored with latent growth modeling. Descriptive analyses and exploration of sex differences will also be performed. Findings from this study may bring to light specific eating-related risks factors for OW teens, may provide targets and strategies for countermeasures to prevent or ameliorate overweight and obesity in adolescents and the distress that ensues and may suggest ways to enhance weight loss interventions.