Psychophysiological Response to Unpredictable Social Feedback: Relations with Social Anxiety and Real-World Functioning in Adolescence

摘要 社交焦虑(SA)困扰着超过13%的美国人，是最常见的精神疾病之一 儿童和成人都有疾病1、2、SA与学习成绩的长期损害有关， 职业和社会功能3，因此，SA是个人和公众的主要关切 健康水平。SA的发病高峰在青春期4、5、6岁，这使这一时期成为 确定可能告知早期风险的核心潜在机制。到目前为止，对负面评价的恐惧(FNE) 是SA7、8记录最充分、被广泛接受的核心组件之一。然而，近年来， 已经出现了一份小型文献，表明对不确定性的不容忍与对SA的预测一样强烈 这些不断增长的文献表明，有必要更多地考察对不确定性的敏感性 南非的脆弱性，并强调需要将不可预测性纳入对社会评价的调查。 尽管如此，只有一项研究直接调查了不可预测的社会评价反馈对 同行评级11，还没有研究在实验中操纵和检验不可预测性对 对社会威胁的神经或生理反应。在拟议的培训和研究补助金中，我们将发展 并利用一个新的任务直接测试我们的SA启发式模型，该模型突出了不可预测性的作用 将社会威胁作为SA的核心要素。我们的新任务将检查生理和神经的相关性 预期可预测和不可预测的社会评价反馈的刺激处理。建议数 研究有三个具体目标：(1)利用一项新任务来评估对可预测和 青少年在多个测量领域的不可预测的社会评价(例如，惊吓、事件- 相关电位(ERPs)和自我报告)，(2)检查SA症状与实验室检查的关系 不可预测的社会评价的预期措施，以及(3)获得生态瞬间的培训 评估(EMA)，以探索我们基于实验室的对不可预测的敏感度测量之间的关系 社会反馈和现实世界的运作以及预期的焦虑。一百名来自最近的青少年- NIMH资助的纵向R01将被招募用于这项研究。在哈卡克博士的指导下，眨眼 在我们新的基于实验室的任务中，惊吓和头皮记录的事件相关电位将被同时记录下来，并且真正- 将使用EMA对参与者(n=50)的小样本进行世界功能检查。当前的培训 提案将允许我整合来自在情感研究方面有专长的合作导师的培训 使用心理生理学措施的精神障碍(Hajcak博士)和情感障碍模型 发展中人口(克莱因博士)。从Hajcak博士那里获得的培训和指导的一体化 心理生理学的方法和克莱恩博士在发展精神病理学方面的研究将推动我走向我的 成为一名发展性临床心理生理学家的目标。此外，专家将在以下方面提供咨询 对不可预测性的敏感性在社交焦虑中的作用(Jarcho和Pine博士)， 发育样本的心理生理学测量(Pine博士)和使用EMA的培训 青少年人口(希尔克博士)。

Abstract Social anxiety (SA) afflicts over 13% of the U.S. population and is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness in both children and adults1,2. SA is associated with significant long-term impairment in academic, occupational, and social functioning3, and as such, SA is a major concern at both the individual and public health levels. The onset of SA peaks during adolescence4,5,6, making this a critical developmental period for identifying core underlying mechanisms that may inform early risk. To date, fear of negative evaluation (FNE) is one of the most well-documented and widely accepted core components of SA7,8. However, in recent years, a small literature has emerged suggesting that intolerance of uncertainty is as strong a predictor of SA as FNE9,10,11. This growing literature signals the need for greater examination of sensitivity to uncertainty as a core vulnerability in SA, and highlights the need to integrate unpredictability into investigations of social evaluation. Despite this, only one study has directly investigated the impact of unpredictable social evaluative feedback on peer ratings11, and no study has experimentally manipulated and examined the impact of unpredictability on neural or physiological responding to social threat. In the proposed training and research grant, we will develop and utilize a novel task that will directly test our heuristic model of SA that highlights the role of unpredictability of social threat as a core element of SA. Our novel task will examine the physiological and neural correlates of stimulus processing in anticipation of predictable and unpredictable social evaluative feedback. The proposed study has three specific aims: (1) to leverage a novel task to assess anticipation of predictable and unpredictable social evaluation in adolescents across multiple domains of measurement (i.e., startle, event- related potentials (ERPs), and self-report), (2) to examine the association of SA symptoms with lab-based measures of anticipation of unpredictable social evaluation, and (3) to obtain training in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to explore the relationship between our lab-based measures of sensitivity to unpredictable social feedback and real-world functioning and anticipatory anxiety. One hundred adolescents from a recently- NIMH-funded longitudinal R01 will be recruited for the study. Under the guidance of Dr. Hajcak, eye-blink startle and scalp-recorded ERPs will be simultaneously recorded during our novel lab-based task, and real- world functioning will be examined using EMA in a subsample of participants (n = 50). The current training proposal will allow me to integrate training from co-mentors who have expertise in the study of affective disorders using psychophysiological measures (Dr. Hajcak) and in models of affective disorders in developmental populations (Dr. Klein). The integration of training and mentorship received from Dr. Hajcak on psychophysiological methods and from Dr. Klein in developmental psychopathology will propel me towards my goal of becoming a developmental clinical psychophysiologist. Furthermore, experts will provide consultation in the role of sensitivity to unpredictability in social anxiety (Drs. Jarcho and Pine), collection of psychophysiological measures in developmental samples (Dr. Pine) and training in the use of EMA in adolescent populations (Dr. Silk).