High Performance Super-Miniaturized Antennas Using Low Loss Engineering Conductors

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An increasing number of technologies depend on miniaturized antennas for advancement and growth, and a large number of new ones cannot be implemented, due to the lack of super-miniaturized antennas. This is because of the fact that the physical dimensions of electronics can now be reduced to negligible size, but antennas for good performance remain large and in order of their operating wavelength. They can contribute to as much as 99% of the system size in some applications such as small satellites or aerial platforms, and cannot be made small. The problem becomes more severe in portable communication devices necessitating advanced electronics such as multiple input - multiple output (MIMO) communication systems for enhanced performance that require several antennas, thus occupying even larger space for them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further antenna miniaturization. However, antenna miniaturization degrades its gain and efficiency, due to the internal losses and poor designs. These can be overcome by developing lower loss antenna materials and improved designs to prevent their performance degradation, and thus allow for super-miniaturization.