Biointerface Science: Composition-Structure-Function Relationship of Synovial Fluid's Cartilage Boundary Lubricants

生物界面是细胞、分子、组织或生物材料与另一组织或生物材料之间的界面。生物界面科学有助于理解分子和表面之间的相互作用;分子在表面的相互作用及其产生的功能可能与溶液中的不同。生物界面是自然科学和（生物）工程的核心，在包括生物摩擦学在内的许多领域的研究中至关重要。生物摩擦学是研究生物表面的润滑、摩擦和磨损的学科，它提供了对生物润滑的基本机制的深入了解。我的研究计划的总体目标是了解蛋白聚糖4（PRG 4，一个关键的生物边界润滑剂）在相关生物界面和生物材料的生物摩擦学和生物物理学特性的基本和调节机制。关节软骨是体内的一种组织，其承受载荷并相对于相对的组织表面滑动，从而在充满流体的腔中形成生物界面。软骨的显著低摩擦和低磨损特性是由涉及软骨、周围滑液及其成分及其相互作用的多种润滑模式促进的。边界润滑是一种重要的工作方式，在边界润滑中，表面分子起润滑作用。存在于滑液和软骨表面的两种关键边界润滑剂分子是PRG 4和透明质酸（HA）。两者都起到剂量依赖性软骨边界润滑剂的作用，并且还共同作用以将摩擦降低到接近滑液的水平。然而，这种关键功能相互作用的潜在机制仍然未知。我在这里提出的计划的短期目标是阐明组成-结构-功能的滑液的软骨边界润滑剂的关系，通过研究PRG 4与自身和HA的相互作用，使用各种结构形式的PRG 4和HA，无论是在溶液中还是在表面，并评估软骨边界润滑功能。将使用复杂和互补的生物力学、生物化学和生物物理学生物工程方法来i）评价PRG 4 +HA在溶液中的相互作用的程度和模式; ii）评估和量化表面上PRG 4 +HA复合物的形成;以及iii）确定PRG 4 +HA制剂在关节软骨-软骨生物界面处的边界润滑功能。这项基础性工作既新颖又可行，将导致生物界面科学、生物摩擦学和生物工程的重大进展。新奇在于实验方法和使用互补的和复杂的生物化学，生物物理学和生物力学方法来阐明功能PRG 4 +HA相互作用的性质。由于我在PRG 4和关节软骨边界润滑方面的独特专业知识和经验，在实验室内开发了用于研究PRG 4 +HA相互作用的其他方法，以及强大的培训环境和培训高素质人员的记录，这项工作是可行的。这项工作的完成将导致生物界面科学、生物摩擦学和生物工程领域的重大进展，1）有助于理解功能性PRG 4 +HA相互作用的结构-组成依赖性，从而理解基本的关节润滑机制; 2）就我的总体研究计划而言，为更广泛地探索生物润滑的基本机制提供了一个框架，并可能在加拿大开发新的含有PRG 4 +HA的生物材料和/或生物相容性流体。

A biointerface is an interface between a cell, molecule, tissue, or biomaterial with another tissue or biomaterial. Biointerface science contributes to the understanding of interactions between molecules and surfaces; interactions of molecules, and their resulting function, at a surface can be different to those in solution. Biointerfaces are central to natural science and (bio)engineering, and crucial in research relating to many fields, including biotribology. Biotribology is the study of lubrication, friction and wear of sliding biological surfaces that provides insight into the fundamental mechanisms of biolubrication. The overall goal of my research program is to understand the fundamental and regulatory mechanisms of the biotribological and biophysical properties of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4, a critical biological boundary lubricant) at relevant biointerfaces and biomaterials. Articular cartilage is a tissue in the body that bears load and slides relative to an apposing tissue surface, thus forming a biointerface, in a fluid-filled cavity. The remarkable low-friction and low-wear properties of cartilage are facilitated by multiple modes of lubrication involving cartilage, the surrounding synovial fluid and its constituents, and their interaction. Boundary lubrication is an important and operative mode where surface-to-surface contact occurs, and molecules at the surface provide lubrication function. Two critical boundary lubricant molecules present in synovial fluid and at the surface of cartilage are PRG4 and hyaluronan (HA). Both function as dose-dependent cartilage boundary lubricants, and also act together to reduce friction to levels near that of synovial fluid. However, the underlying mechanism of this critical functional interaction remains unknown. The short-term objective of my program proposed here is to elucidate the composition-structure-function relationship of synovial fluid’s cartilage boundary lubricants through the study of PRG4 interactions with itself and HA, using various structural forms of PRG4 and HA, both in solution and at a surface, and assessing cartilage boundary lubrication function. Sophisticated and complementary biomechanical, biochemical, and biophysical bioengineering methods will be used to i) evaluate the extent and mode of interactions of PRG4+HA in solution; ii) assess and quantify PRG4+HA complex formation on surfaces; and iii) determine the boundary lubricating function of PRG4+HA preparations at an articular cartilage-cartilage biointerface. This fundamental work is both novel and feasible, and will result in significant advances in biointerface science, biotribology, and bioengineering. The novelty lies in the experimental approach and use of complementary and sophisticated biochemical, biophysical, and biomechanical methods to elucidate the nature of the functional PRG4+HA interaction. This work is feasible due to my unique expertise and experience with PRG4 and articular cartilage boundary lubrication, the development of additional methods within the laboratory for the study of the PRG4+HA interaction, and the strong training environment and record of training highly qualified personnel. Completion of this work will result in significant advances in the fields of biointerface science, biotribology, and bioengineering by 1) contributing to the understanding of the structure-composition dependence of the functional PRG4+HA interaction, and therefore a fundamental joint lubrication mechanism; and 2) with respect to my overall research program, provide a framework for a broader exploration of fundamental mechanisms of biological lubrication, and potentially the development of new PRG4+HA containing biomaterials and/or biotherapeutic fluids in Canada.