Dynamic and thermodynamic processes of snow covered sea ice

北极冰盖正迅速从多年生海冰为主转变为季节性海冰覆盖。自最早的卫星记录以来，北极海冰的夏季最小范围已经下降了50%，2012年9月的最小记录。这些变化对整个北极海洋-海洋-冰-大气（OSA）界面以及对地球低纬度地区的远距连接具有重要影响。海冰的面积、厚度和环流的变化对北极海洋环境的物理、生物和生物地球化学方面的大多数组成部分的影响是多样和显著的。还有许多与气候有关的问题，影响着土著居民对冰的利用和海运业的安全运营，这些海运业正在竞相开发北极地区新的可开采资源。我的

The Arctic icescape is transforming rapidly from one dominated by a perennial to a seasonal sea ice cover.  The summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice has declined by 50% since the earliest satellite records, with a record minimum in September 2012.  These changes have significant implications throughout the Arctic ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface, and through teleconnections to lower latitudes of our planet.  The impacts of changes in the areal extent, thickness and circulation of sea ice are varied and significant throughout most components of the physical, biological, and biogeochemical aspects of the Arctic marine environment.  There are also many climate related issues affecting indigenous use of the icescape and safe operation of maritime industries now jockeying to develop newly accessible resources in the Arctic.  My