Dynamic and thermodynamic processes of snow covered sea ice

北极冰盖正在迅速从常年海冰覆盖转变为季节性海冰覆盖。 自最早的卫星记录以来，北极海冰的夏季最小范围已经下降了50%，2012年9月达到创纪录的最小值。 这些变化对整个北极海洋-海冰-大气（OSA）界面以及通过遥相关对地球低纬度地区产生重大影响。 海冰面积、厚度和环流的变化对北极海洋环境的物理、生物和生态地球化学方面的大多数组成部分的影响各不相同，而且很大。 还有许多与气候有关的问题影响到当地人对冰碛的利用和目前正在北极开发新的可利用资源的海洋工业的安全运作。 我

The Arctic icescape is transforming rapidly from one dominated by a perennial to a seasonal sea ice cover.  The summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice has declined by 50% since the earliest satellite records, with a record minimum in September 2012.  These changes have significant implications throughout the Arctic ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface, and through teleconnections to lower latitudes of our planet.  The impacts of changes in the areal extent, thickness and circulation of sea ice are varied and significant throughout most components of the physical, biological, and biogeochemical aspects of the Arctic marine environment.  There are also many climate related issues affecting indigenous use of the icescape and safe operation of maritime industries now jockeying to develop newly accessible resources in the Arctic.  My