Degradation of emerging water contaminants using novel photocatalytic 3D-printed TiO2 nano-architectures: a case for algal toxins found in harmful algal blooms

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Discharges from wastewater treatment plants in addition to increased urban development, agricultural and industrial activities, and atmospheric deposition have created multiple stressors in lakes and watersheds. These stressors, specifically nutrient pollution, have caused an increase in harmful algal blooms in Canada. These blooms may produce algal toxins that have severe impact on human health and aquatic ecosystems. Conventional membrane systems utilized for drinking water treatment is prone to fouling and is hampered by high operating costs. Chlorination of water containing algae is ineffective in destroying some algal toxins and the process produces toxic byproducts. Our proposal addresses these issues by using state-of-the art 3D-printed TiO2 nano-architectures with robust mechanical properties that can be integrated into TiO2/UV reactors to treat algal toxins. We will elucidate the photocatalytic capacity of our 3D-printed TiO2 structures and TiO2/UV reactors against a variety of compounds, including emerging contaminants (algal toxins, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, and pesticides) as well as their byproducts within a variety of water sources. In addition, the reactors will be tested in containers containing algal biomass spiked with algal toxins in order to study the effects of degradation produced by the reactor. The project falls within the strategic target area of Environment and Agriculture, specifically, the research topic of Ensuring Secure Community Water Systems. The project will train up to ten highly qualified personnel (HQP) that will engage in relevant challenges in water treatment, and they will communicate their findings to the public and our partners. The proposed development of 3D-printed TiO2 nano-architectures and TiO2/UV reactors represents a comprehensive solution to longstanding challenges with algal blooms, algal toxins, and organic contaminants that will benefit Canadian businesses, water conservation groups, and municipal interests (i.e. Structur3D Printing, Grand River Conservation Group, Simon Lake Community Stewardship Group, and Region of Waterloo), while meeting current and emerging challenges to preserve freshwater sources in Canada.