The interactions between phasic and adaptable elements of ocular vergence

如果我要考虑购买一辆自动驾驶汽车，我会仔细考虑除了快速的传输速度之外的其他方面，以及对伺服机构至关重要的精确传感器。相反，我会超越硬连线元素，寻找大多数运动系统中被称为适应性的属性。适应性是处理由许多变量（如电机底盘部件的生锈）随时间带来的变化的能力。人体运动适应允许对给定反射系统中的扰动进行调整。运动适应性已经得到了很好的研究。眼动通常提供了一个比大多数运动系统更简单的模型，因为刺激和反应仍然在一个器官的领域。运动是由三对行为相似的眼外肌完成的。运动可以用3个正交轴表示。然而，即使是动眼肌适应，也只是根据原始反射的变化而知道的。人们对适应性反应本身的运动特征知之甚少。在眼会聚的情况下；然而，适应性机制的作用是通过增加张力神经支配来取代反射神经支配。这一建议利用了在反射运动完成后，收敛的张力水平发生适应性变化的发现。这使得我们可以对适应性反应有一个独特的看法，而不是隐藏在我们间接看到其影响的地方，即基于调整原始运动。设计了一种实验设计来测量收敛自适应响应的特性以及初始反射运动。通过分离适应性反应的动态特性，我们现在可以确定它的输入和输出，以便回答有关它是否受到其他相关眼球运动（如扫视）的影响，以及收敛性适应性反应是否可以调节原始反应的问题。分离适应反应还将允许使用经批准的小脑蚓部颅刺激（TMS）方法确定解剖相关性。从对其他眼动的研究来看，TMS刺激的应用是为了增强或减弱适应。此外，强直性适应可能代表限于中脑和小脑的电路，因此代表了运动适应的一个非常基本的运动元素。这项工作将是翻译的，因为我们已经表明，减少的收敛适应是众所周知的临床条件的基础，如收敛不足，收敛适应可以通过使用眼保健操进行全面修复来恢复。

If I were to consider purchasing a self-driving car I would look carefully at the beyond the rapid transmission speeds, the accurate sensors that would be critical to the servomechanism. Instead I would look beyond the hard wired elements, for a property found most motor systems known as adaptation. Adaptation is the ability to deal with changes over time brought on by many variables such as the rusting of the components of the motor chassis. Human motor adaptation allows adjustment to perturbations in a given reflex system. Motor adaptations have been well studied. Eye movements often provide a model with less complexity then most motor systems as the stimulus and response remain in the domain of one organ. Movements are made by 3 pairs of extraocular muscles which behave similarly. Movements can be represented by 3 orthogonal axes. However, even oculomotor adaptations are known only in terms of changes to the original reflex. Little is known about the motor traits of the adaptive response itself. In the case of ocular convergence; however, the adaptive mechanism acts to replace reflex innervation with increase tonic innervation. This proposal exploits the findings that adaptive changes in the tonic levels of vergence engage after the completion of the reflex movement. This allows a unique view of the adaptive response instead of adaptation being hidden where we see its effects indirectly based upon adjustments original movement. An experimental design was developed to measure the properties of the vergence adaptive response as well as the initial reflex movement. By isolating the dynamic properties of the adaptive response we can now determine its inputs and outputs in order to answer the questions about whether it is influenced by other associated eye movements such as saccades, and whether the vergence adaptive response can act to adjust the original response. . Isolation of the adapted response will also allow anatomical correlates to be identified using approved methods of cranial stimulation (TMS) of the vermis of the cerebellum. From studies of other eye movements, TMS stimulation will be applied in order that adaption is either enhanced or attenuated. Further, tonic adaptation could represent circuitry limited to the midbrain and cerebellum and thus represent a very basic motor element of motor adaptation. The work will be translational since we have shown that reduced vergence adaptation underlies well known clinical conditions such as convergence insufficiency and that vergence adaptation can be restored by through overall remediation using eye excercises.