Investigations and Applications of Non-Conventional Energetic Materials

非均质烈性炸药（HHEs）在工程尺度上的性能取决于其中非均质夹杂物的数量和类型。hhs的例子包括：含有大量致密惰性颗粒（钢或钨）的炸药，或在燃料相和氧化剂相之间的界面发生反应的混合物。高爆炸药是矿山和民用爆破中使用的主要炸药类型，在军事军械中的作用日益重要。虽然爆炸中遇到的极端条件超出了日常经验，但了解与hhs爆炸有关的现象对其安全、有效和高效使用至关重要。在采矿和土木工程应用中使用的炸药的工程产出通过物质产品的消费和公共基础设施的使用间接地由所有公民感受到。提出的研究计划侧重于四个子主题，以研究HHEs在不同效应尺度下的行为：******1)HHEs的冲击起爆：高速弹丸的冲击将冲击波传递到受冲击材料中。如果材料是高能的，就会发生化学反应，可能导致从快速燃烧到爆轰的转变。弹丸冲击起爆是用激波压力和激波前曲率较小的爆炸物质的体积来量化的。大量非均质性的存在改变了对激波的敏感性，使得更多的激波前缘可能产生爆轰。需要进行实验弹道冲击试验，以将现有的标度定律扩展到HHEs。******2) HHEs的起爆结构：理想的炸药以一种被称为Zel'dovichvon NeumannDöring （ZND）起爆的结构起爆：一种强烈的惰性冲击，引发化学反应，该反应持续一段离散的时间，然后停止。固体炸药在反应完成后迅速转化为高温高压气体，并加速到音速和超音速。氢氧化镁中大量的非均质和极端的失配会改变爆轰结构。实验测量将使用时间分辨自由表面速度测量和阻抗匹配进行。******3)捐赠产物流中的颗粒建模：控制HHEs加速物质能力的一个关键因素是流动中气体爆轰产物和固体颗粒之间传递的能量。将进行多相模拟来阐明这种转移。******4)来自HHE的冲击波：由HHE产生的冲击波中粒子的存在，历史上对距离电荷一定距离处传递的脉冲进行了复杂的测量。新型激光测速和光谱学技术可以测量完全的脉冲，并与空气中粒子的放热反应相关联

The behaviour of heterogeneous high explosives (HHEs) at engineering scales is governed by the quantity and type of heterogeneous inclusions in the HE. Examples of HHEs include: explosives containing large fractions of dense, inert particles (steel or tungsten), or mixtures which react at the interface between fuel and oxidizer phases. HHEs are the primary type of explosive used in mining and civilian blasting, and are increasingly important in military ordnance. While the extreme conditions encountered in explosions are outside everyday experience, understanding phenomena associated with detonation and explosion of HHEs is critical to their safe, effective, and efficient use. The engineering output of explosives used in mining and civil engineering applications is indirectly felt by all citizens through consumption of material goods and use of public infrastructure. The proposed research program focuses on four sub topics that investigate the behaviour of HHEs at different scales of effect:******1) Impact initiation of HHEs: Impact by a high velocity projectile transmits a shock wave into the impacted material. If the material is energetic, chemical reaction will occur, possibly resulting in transition from fast burning to detonation. Explosive initiation by projectile impact is quantified by the shock pressure and volume of explosive material that is shocked with little curvature of the shock front. The presence of large fractions of heterogeneities modifies the sensitivity to shock, such that more of the shock front may produce detonation. Experimental ballistic impact tests are required to extend existing scaling laws to HHEs.******2) Detonation structure of HHEs: Ideal explosives detonate with a structure known as the Zel'dovichvon NeumannDöring (ZND) detonation: a strong inert shock that initiates chemical reaction, which progresses for a discrete amount of time and then stops. Solid explosive is converted into high temperature, high pressure gas that accelerates to sonic and then supersonic velocities soon after reaction completes. The large quantity and extreme mismatch of heterogeneities in HHEs can modify the detonation structure. Experimental measurements will be performed using time resolved free surface velocity measurement and impedance matching. ******3) Modelling of particles in donation product flow: A critical factor governing the ability of HHEs to accelerate material is the energy transferred between the gaseous detonation products and solid particles in the flow. Multiphase simulations will be performed to elucidate this transfer.******4) Blast from HHEs: The presence of particles in the blast generated by an HHE historically complicated measurement of the impulse imparted at a distance from the charge. Novel laser velocimetry and spectroscopy techniques permit measurement of the complete impulse and enable correlation with exothermic reaction of the particles in air.**