Prediction and predictability of climate extremes

极端气候对环境和社会系统有重大影响。热浪可能导致农作物歉收、死亡和大规模停电；极端降水可能导致洪水和重大基础设施破坏。在海洋中，海洋热浪导致了海洋物种的明显重新分布、生态系统的重新配置以及渔业和水产养殖业的经济损失。全球变暖很可能已经改变了全球极端气候事件的频率、持续时间和强度，并将在未来继续这样做。由于气候变化下极端事件的变化，加拿大尤其面临重大挑战和机遇。因此，我们了解极端气候的历史背景和可预测性，在生态和经济上都很重要。这将提高我们理解近期(几周到四季)和较长期(几年到几十年)极端气候事件的未来变化和不确定性的能力。从长期来看，拟议的研究计划将调查海洋和大气中极端事件的预测和可预测性。可预测性与可预测性的理论上限有关，而预测性则与我们实际预测未来事件的技术能力有关。今后五年的短期目标包括审查全球和加拿大区域海洋温度极端、大气热浪、极端降水和风暴的历史变异性、季节预测和未来预测，以及对北部和土著社区的影响。这些目标将通过综合海洋和气候数值模型、观测的统计分析和物理知识理论的应用来实现。极端气候对整个加拿大的自然和人类系统产生巨大影响。然而，对于极端事件在人为气候变化下可能发生的变化，以及由于人为和自然变异性而产生的可预测性，仍存在不确定性。了解极端气候的历史变异性和预测未来变化的驱动因素将不仅为我们提供物理事件的可预测性，而且还将为我们提供对海洋和陆地生态、生物多样性以及基础设施和健康等人类系统的相关影响的可预测性。然后，所有政府部门(联邦、省、市、土著)和几个行业(渔业、水产养殖、农业等)都可以使用这些信息，为规划战略和发展提供信息。

Climate extremes have significant impacts on environmental and social systems. Heatwaves can cause crop failures, deaths, and large-scale power outages; and extreme precipitation can cause flooding and major infrastructure damage. In the ocean, marine heatwaves have led to observable redistributions of marine species, reconfigurations of ecosystems, and economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture industries. It is likely that global warming has altered the frequency, duration and intensity of climate extremes globally, and will continue to do so in the future. Canada in particular faces major challenges and opportunities due to changes in extreme events under climate change. Therefore it is important, ecologically and economically, that we understand the historical context and predictability of climate extremes. This would improve our ability to understand future changes and uncertainties in climate extremes over both the near-term (weeks to seasons) and longer term (years to decades).******In the long-term, the proposed research program will investigate the prediction and predictability of extreme events in the ocean and atmosphere. Predictability is related to the theoretical upper limit on what it is possible to predict, while prediction has to do with our technical ability to actually forecast future events. The short-term objectives over the next five years include the examination of the historical variability, seasonal predictions, and future projections, both globally and in the Canadian region, of ocean temperature extremes, atmospheric heatwaves, extreme precipitation and storms, as well as the impact on northern and indigenous communities. These goals will be achieved through the synthesis of numerical ocean and climate modelling, statistical analysis of observations, and the application of physically-informed theories.******Climate extremes have dramatic impacts on natural and human systems across Canada. However, there is uncertainty about how extreme events might change under anthropogenic climate change as well as their predictability due to both anthropogenic and natural variability. Understanding drivers of historical variability and projected future changes in climate extremes will provide us with predictability not only of the physical event, but also the associated impacts on marine and terrestrial ecology and biodiversity and human systems such as infrastructure and health. This information can then be used by all government sectors (Federal, Provincial, Municipal, indigenous) and several industries (fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, etc) to inform planning strategies and development.