Quantifying the genomic sources of evolutionary innovations through integrative biology

通过综合生物学量化进化创新的基因组来源

• 批准号: RGPIN-2020-04844
• 负责人: Landry, Christian
• 金额: $ 4.74万
• 依托单位: Université Laval
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=740252
• 关键词: Quantifying; genomic; sources; evolutionary; innovations

Background Rapid environmental changes have to be met with molecular innovations. Macroevolution has described how organisms may have colonized new environments over geological time scales. In contrast, we know relatively little about the quantitative features of micro-innovations at the genomic level, i.e. what is their quantitative contribution to phenotypes and fitness, how they first occur in populations and how they are shaped by mutation, natural selection and genetic drift. Moreover, in general, we have access to what happened during evolution but not to what could have happened, i.e. what was available to natural selection and random genetic drift. We will examine these questions at different levels of resolution and at different time scales, using forward evolution and the analysis of evolution back in time. The Study System Because S. cerevisiae has been the core eukaryote model in genomics, cell biology and physiology, the Saccharomyces genus offers a unique opportunity for the manipulation and analysis of genomes in the context of research that wants to navigate from the genome to phenotypes. Their relatively small genomes and rapid evolution allow to explore evolutionary mechanisms to saturation, potentially enabling the full parameterization of the key factors driving evolution. Objectives We will be addressing how novelty comes about in genomes at two time scales. In the first case, we will examine extremely rapid changes that may occur faster than actual base-pair mutation rates, which we think is relevant, for instance in the context of adaptation to extreme conditions that would otherwise lead to extinction. We will examine how species can combine and mix their genomes during inter-species hybridization to propel evolution forward. In the second case, we will focus on a longer time scale, the scale at which populations diverge and become species. In this timescale, we will examine how novel genes evolve in genomes from non-coding sequences. Finally, we will examine how short and long time scale processes can synergize each other. We will gain a better understanding of these processes by analysing natural diversity in the wild and by evolving genomes and populations in the laboratory. We will also harness the latest development in genome editing technologies to examine, one evolutionary change at a time, how molecular novelties such as novel genes evolve and contribute to fitness variation. Novelty and significance: Biology needs a better quantitative understanding of the relationships that link genomes to phenotypes. This research program will draw from the most recent technological developments to provide a major step in this direction. This will provide a strong foundation in terms of how genome organization produces novelty at the genotypic level and how this affects biological systems and their performance.

背景的快速环境变化必须通过分子创新来满足。宏观进化已经描述了生物如何在地质时间尺度上定殖的新环境。相比之下，我们对基因组水平上微型创新的定量特征的了解相对较少，即它们对表型和适应性的定量贡献是什么，它们在人群中的首次发生以及它们如何通过突变，自然选择和遗传漂移来塑造它们。此外，通常，我们可以访问进化过程中发生的事情，但不能访问可能发生的事情，即自然选择和随机遗传漂移。我们将使用正向进化和时间分析以不同的分析在不同级别的分辨率和不同时间尺度上检查这些问题。 该研究系统由于酿酒酵母是基因组学，细胞生物学和生理学的核心真核生物模型，因此，糖疗法属为在研究的背景下操纵和分析基因组提供了一个独特的机会，希望从基因组导航到表型。它们相对较小的基因组和快速进化可以探索饱和度的进化机制，从而有可能使驱动进化的关键因素的全部参数化。 目标我们将解决两个时间尺度的基因组中新颖性的产生。在第一种情况下，我们将检查可能比实际基本对突变率更快的快速变化，例如，在适应极端条件的背景下，这是相关的。我们将研究物种如何在种间杂交期间结合和混合其基因组以推动进化的前进。在第二种情况下，我们将重点放在更长的时间尺度上，种群分歧并成为物种的规模。在这个时期，我们将研究非编码序列中的新基因在基因组中如何发展。最后，我们将研究短期和长时间的流程如何相互协同作用。我们将通过分析野外的自然多样性以及通过在实验室中发展基因组和人群来更好地理解这些过程。我们还将利用基因组编辑技术的最新发展来检查一次进化变化，即新基因等分子新颖性如何进化并有助于适应性变异。 新颖性和意义：生物学需要对将基因组与表型联系起来的关系有更好的定量理解。该研究计划将从最新的技术发展中借鉴，以在这一方向上迈出重要一步。这将在基因组组织如何在基因型水平上产生新颖性及其如何影响生物系统及其性能的基础。