The Impact of climate change on immunity in hypoxia-tolerant pacific reef fishes

环境缺氧对动物是致命的，许多鱼暴露于水生缺氧（即，有限的氧气）在海洋中或在潮间池中。令人担忧的是，气候变化正在增加缺氧事件的频率和严重程度以及水生环境中缺氧区域的大小。在过去的几十年里，全球变暖导致的水生温度升高与海洋中氧气含量的下降有关，特别是在支持海水养殖的沿海地区。因此，由于全球变暖造成的水生缺氧预计将随着气候危机的加速而恶化，并对全球沿海海洋种群和水产养殖构成重大挑战。对于所有动物来说，正常运作的免疫系统是生存的关键，也是鱼类抵抗细菌和病毒感染以及从伤害中愈合和恢复的关键。免疫反应受到缺氧和高温的损害，因此水生动物可能会因全球变暖的进展和水生缺氧发生率的增加而免疫功能低下。尽管水生缺氧带来了环境挑战，但一些物种已经采取了有效的策略，以确保在氧气有限的情况下生存。特别令人感兴趣的是栖息在热带地区的潮间带水池中的鱼类，在那里它们暴露于间歇性的严重缺氧和高水温。这些耐缺氧的鱼类提供了一个很好的模型，在其中调查适应之间的相互作用，有利于缺氧耐受与immunity.Our的实验是确定1）是否缺氧激活免疫反应在缺氧耐受和不耐受的鱼类，2）是否免疫系统激活妥协适应性生理反应，缺氧耐受的鱼类，和3）是否缺氧妥协免疫能力在鱼类。

Environmental hypoxia can be lethal to animals and many fish are exposed to aquatic hypoxia (i.e., limited oxygen) in the ocean or in intertidal pools. Alarmingly, climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of hypoxic events and the size of hypoxic regions in aquatic environments. In the past few decades, increases in aquatic temperatures mediated by global warming correlate with decreasing oxygen content in oceans, and particularly in coastal regions that support marine aquaculture. Thus, aquatic hypoxia due to global warming is expected to worsen with the acceleration of the climate crises and poses a significant challenge to coastal marine populations and aquaculture globally. For all animals, a properly functioning immune system is a crucial for survival, and key to the ability of fish to resist infection by bacteria and viruses, and to heal and recover from injury. Immune responses are impaired by hypoxia and by high temperatures and thus aquatic animals may be immunocompromised by the progression of global warming and increasing incidence of aquatic hypoxia. Despite the environmental challenge posed by aquatic hypoxia, some species have adapted efficient strategies to ensure their survival when oxygen is limited. Of particular interest are fishes that inhabit intertidal pools in tropical regions wherein they are exposed to intermittent periods of severe hypoxia, in combination with high water temperatures. These hypoxia-tolerant fishes provide an excellent model in which to investigate interactions between adaptations that favour hypoxia-tolerance vs immunity.Our OBJECTIVES are to determine 1) whether hypoxia activates an immune response in hypoxia-tolerant and -intolerant fishes, 2) whether immune system activation compromises adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia in hypoxia-tolerant fish, and 3) whether hypoxia compromises immune competency in fish.