Secure and resilient integration of wind energy in smart grids

信息和通信技术（ICT）和风能是塑造智能电网（SG）愿景的特征之一。拟议的计划是由以下因素造成的相关差距驱动的：（i）风能快速集成到SG中，（ii）风力发电机组和SG之间的广泛网络连接，以及（iii）针对SG的网络攻击的扩散。为了填补这一空白，并安全地将风能整合到SG主要领域（即，输电网，智能配电网（SDG）和微电网（MG），三个短期研究目标被认为是在这个计划。1-确保输电网中的大规模风电场（WF）：通过各种事件，可以证实，如果不进行适当的控制或管理，WF可能会破坏输电网的稳定并导致停电。此外，2019年报告了第一次已知的针对WF的网络攻击。在此基础上，由于其运营所需的信息通信技术的广泛使用，大规模的工作场所是对对手有吸引力的目标。此外，各种涡轮机技术和不稳定条件对WF和电网运营商使用通用安全解决方案提出了挑战。因此，该计划旨在为大型工作流开发新的安全评估和改进技术。2-在可持续发展目标中确保基于风力的分布式能源（WBDER）：在可持续发展目标中有效和可靠地提供能源需要WBDER和电网运营商之间广泛的数据传输。SDG及其子系统的完整性，例如，虚拟发电厂（VPP）以及上游高压电网可能会受到WBDER网络攻击的影响。此外，风力发电机组的日益普及和不安全的公共通信系统的使用等突出表明，迫切需要分析SDG中WBDER的安全性，并为其安全运行提供有效的解决方案。3-确保风力综合发电机：发电机为可再生能源的整合提供了一个高效和有效的工具，例如，WBDER，进入网格。与配电网和输电网相比，MG具有相对较低的惯性。因此，它们需要通信辅助方案来控制和保护它们的WBDER。这种网络基础设施的使用使得MG-特别是在自主操作模式下-容易受到网络攻击。因此，该计划旨在开发有效的解决方案，以安全和弹性地运行风力集成MG。该计划是探索风力发电机组安全性和弹性的最早努力之一。其预期产出将通过以下方式对风能和电力系统部门产生积极影响：（i）为他们提供工具，解决方案和技术，以应对网络攻击;（ii）培训高素质的人员。该计划还将通过减少与网络攻击相关的停电次数和提供安全的能源基础设施来帮助加拿大-作为风力涡轮机安装量最大的十个国家之一。

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and wind energy are among the features that have shaped the vision of a Smart Grid (SG). The proposed program is driven by a concerning gap created by (i) the rapid integration of wind energy into SGs, (ii) extensive cyber connections between wind units and SGs, and (iii) the proliferation of cyber-attacks against SGs. To fill this gap and to securely integrate wind energy into SG major domains (i.e., transmission grids, Smart Distribution Grids (SDGs), and Microgrids (MGs)), three short-term research objectives are considered in this program. 1- Securing large-scale Wind Farms (WFs) in transmission grids: Through various incidents, it is confirmed that WFs, if not controlled or managed properly, can destabilize transmission grids and cause blackouts. Moreover, the first known cyber-attack against WFs was reported in 2019. On this basis and due to the extensive use of ICTs required for their operation, large-scale WFs are attractive targets for adversaries. Additionally, various turbine technologies and instability conditions challenge WF and grid operators to use generic security solutions. Thus, this program aims to develop new security assessment and improvement techniques for large-scale WFs. 2- Securing Wind-Based Distributed Energy Resources (WBDERs) in SDGs: The efficient and reliable delivery of energy in SDGs requires an extensive transfer of data between WBDERs and grid operators. The integrity of an SDG and its subsystems, e.g., Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), as well as the upstream HV grid can be affected by cyber-attacks on WBDERs. Moreover, the increasing penetration of wind units and the use of insecure public communication systems, among others, highlight the imperative need for analyzing the security of WBDERs in SDGs and providing effective solutions for their safe operation. 3- Securing wind-integrated MGs: MGs provide an efficient and effective tool for the integration of renewable energy resources, e.g., WBDERs, into the grid. In contrast to distribution and transmission grids, MGs have relatively low inertia. Consequently, they require communication-assisted schemes for the control and protection of their WBDERs. The use of such cyber infrastructure makes MGs-particularly in autonomous operation mode-prone to cyber-attacks. As a result, this program aims to develop effective solutions to securely and resiliently operate wind-integrated MGs. This program is among the earliest efforts to explore the security and resiliency of wind-integrated SGs. Its envisioned outputs will have a positive impact on wind energy and power system sectors by (i) providing them with tools, solutions, and technologies against cyber-attacks and (ii) training highly qualified personnel. This program will also help Canada-as one of the ten countries with the largest installations of wind turbines-by reducing the number of cyber-attack-related blackouts and by providing a secure energy infrastructure.