Complementarity: Comparative Statics, Coordination and Change

9320733在标准的市场理论中，价格协调着一个系统，在这个系统中，独立的决策者为了自己的利益行事，设法有效地使用资源。然而，许多经济问题的特点是固定成本、不可分割的商品和其他问题，在这些问题中，价格体系通常不会导致有效的分配。企业和整个社会可能会陷入低效分配，许多经济学家现在称之为协调失败。当这种系统的特点是各种决策之间具有很强的互补性时，有时可以利用这种结构来制定一种更集中的办法，以克服协调失败。这项研究的广泛目标是了解企业和其他复杂组织如何在这些情况下组织起来，以改善协调。该项目将(1)开发比较静态分析方法，(2)基于互补性的存在，开发关于企业组织的可测试的影响，(3)确定决策问题的特征，以及(4)确定个人对变革的阻力来源和克服这些阻力的方法。***

9320733 Milgrom In the standard theory of markets, prices coordinate a system in which independent decision makers, acting in their own interest, manage to use resources efficiently. Many economic problems, however, are characterized by fixed costs, indivisible goods, and other problems, where the price system does not in general lead to an efficient allocation. Firms and whole societies can get stuck at an inefficient allocation, what many economists now call a coordination failure. When such a system is characterized by strong complementarities among various decisions, that structure can sometimes be exploited to develop a more centralized approach to overcome the coordination failure. The broad objective of this research is to understand how firms and other complex organizations can organize to improve coordination in these situations. This project will (1) develop methods of comparative static analysis, (2) develop testable implications about the organization of firms based on the presence of complementarities, (3) identify the characteristics of decision problems, and (4) identify the sources of resistance to change by individuals and the methods by which these may be overcome. ***