Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1882-1907: Administrative Discretion and Law's Contradictions

摘要 Calavita 9707024这项研究进行了民族历史学分析，重点是围绕1882年排华法案禁止所有中国劳工进入美国的问题。 商人和其他上层人士则不受排斥。 研究的主要重点是执法人员在执行该法时遇到的冲突。 该法中的模糊性和法规中的漏洞加上检查员的先入之见，使这项任务变得随意。 对妇女地位的忽略，种族作为一种生物状态的假设，被社会地位所抵消，关于外表与身份之间关系的概念，以及身份与社会结构之间的冲突，都集中在这个项目中。 来自《国会记录》、《国会听证会和报告》以及《移民和归化局年度报告》的数据提供了关于驱逐法执行情况和机构内部决策的资料，以及关于该法颁布情况的正式记录。 来自移民检查员及其主管的信件、笔记、备忘录和通知等文件将构成额外的主要数据来源。围绕法律的执行冲突和困境，并将提供深入了解种族的当前概念，以及种族，阶级和性别的交叉点。 这项工作有助于我们对执行法律的规则的基本理解。 这项研究进行了民族历史学分析，重点是围绕1882年排华法案禁止所有中国劳工进入美国的问题。 商人和其他上层人士则不受排斥。 研究的主要重点是执法人员在执行该法时遇到的冲突。 该法中的模糊性和法规中的漏洞加上检查员的先入之见，使这项任务变得随意。 对妇女地位的忽略，种族作为一种生物状态的假设，被社会地位所抵消，关于外表与身份之间关系的概念，以及身份与社会结构之间的冲突，都集中在这个项目中。 来自《国会记录》、《国会听证会和报告》以及《移民和归化局年度报告》的数据提供了关于驱逐法执行情况和机构内部决策的资料，以及关于该法颁布情况的正式记录。 来自移民检查员及其主管的信件、笔记、备忘录和通知等文件将构成额外的主要数据来源。围绕法律的执行冲突和困境，并将提供深入了解种族的当前概念，以及种族，阶级和性别的交叉点。 这项工作有助于我们对执行法律的规则的基本理解。 ***

Abstract Calavita 9707024 This research undertakes ethnohistorical analyses focusing on issues surrounding the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act barring the entry into the U.S. of all Chinese laborers. Merchants and other upper-class individuals were exempt from the exclusion. The primary focus of the research is on the conflicts encountered by enforcement personnel who had to implement the Law. Ambiguities in the Act and gaps in the statute plus the inspectors' preconceptions converged to make the task discretionary. The omission of any mention of the status of women, assumptions about race as a biological state, offset by social status, notions about the relation between physical appearance and one's identity, and the clash between identity and social constructions all converge in this project. Data from the Congressional Record, Congressional Hearings and Reports, and the Annual Reports of the Immigration and Naturalization Service provide information on the enforcement of the exclusion laws and on intra-agency decisionmaking as well as the official records of the law's enactment. Documentation from letters, notes, memos, and circulars from and to immigration inspectors and their supervisors will comprise an additional primary source of data.. conflicts and dilemmas surrounding the enforcement of the Law and will provide insights into current conceptions of race, and the intersections of race, class, and gender. This work contributes to our basic understanding of the enforcement of legal rules. %%% This research undertakes ethnohistorical analyses focusing on issues surrounding the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act barring the entry into the U.S. of all Chinese laborers. Merchants and other upper-class individuals were exempt from the exclusion. The primary focus of the research is on the conflicts encountered by enforcement personnel who had to implement the Law. Ambiguities in the Act and gaps in the statute plus the inspectors' preconceptions converged to make the task discretionary. The omission of any mention of the status of women, assumptions about race as a biological state, offset by social status, notions about the relation between physical appearance and one's identity, and the clash between identity and social constructions all converge in this project. Data from the Congressional Record, Congressional Hearings and Reports, and the Annual Reports of the Immigration and Naturalization Service provide information on the enforcement of the exclusion laws and on intra-agency decisionmaking as well as the official records of the law's enactment. Documentation from letters, notes, memos, and circulars from and to immigration inspectors and their supervisors will comprise an additional primary source of data.. conflicts and dilemmas surrounding the enforcement of the Law and will provide insights into current conceptions of race, and the intersections of race, class, and gender. This work contributes to our basic understanding of the enforcement of legal rules. ***