Earthquake-Resistant Design and Remediation of Lifelines and Deep Foundations Subjected to Liquefaction

1995年发生的孝原-南部地震造成5500多人死亡，经济损失超过1000亿美元。煤气、水和电力管道被修复。高速公路、铁路和地铁上的桥梁和立交桥倒塌。高层住宅和办公建筑严重受损。液化的土壤沿堤岸、码头、桥墩、海堤和码头沉降并横向扩散。长达数公里的码头和码头墙在海岸和人工岛（港岛和六岛）上命名并定居。整个神户港口几乎完全被摧毁。这次城市灾难是由于地震直接袭击了人口稠密的城市地区。幸运的是，由于1999年北岭地震释放的能量远离人口稠密地区，加州的圣费尔南多谷避免了类似的破坏。这一行动是为了支持一项由美国和日本研究人员组成的合作研究计划。美方包括康奈尔大学、伦斯勒理工学院和南加州大学的教授和学生。几个美国政府和行业组织也同意在拟议的工作中进行合作，包括新成立的减少地震损失先进技术中心（CAELR-原NCEER）、太平洋天然气和电力公司（PG&amp；E）、美国陆军工程兵团、美国地质调查局和伍德沃德-克莱德咨询公司。在日本方面，该团队由来自京都大学、东京工业大学、东京大学、早稻田大学和山口大学的教授和学生组成。一些日本政府和行业组织也将为研究工作做出贡献。主要目的是研究液化引起的变形对1994年北岭地震和1995年孝根-南布地震中基础和生命线系统的影响，并提出工程解决方案，以减轻未来地震中这些破坏性影响。研究小组的研究结果将有助于在美国和日本实施基于性能的岩土和结构工程设计。

The 1995 Hyogoen-Nanbu earthquake claimed more than 5500 lives and caused damage in excess of 100 billion dollars. Gas, water, and electric utility lines reptured. Bridges and overpasses on highways, railroads and subways collapsed. High-rise residential and office structures were severely damaged. Liquefied soils settled and spread laterally along the coarse and in docks, piers, sea walls, and quays. Kilometers of docks and quay walls titled and settled both at the coast and in the man-made islands, Port Island and Rokko Island. The entire port of Kobe was almost completely destroyed. This urban disaster resulted from a earthquake striking directly within a densely populated urban area. A similar devastation was fortunately avoided in the San Fernando Valley in California since the 199 Northridge earthquake released its energy away from populated areas.This action is to support a collaborative research program involving a team of US and Japanese researchers. The US side includes professors and students form Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Southern California. Several US government and industry organizations have also agreed to cooperate in the proposed work, including the new Center for Advanced Technologies in Earthquake Loss Reduction [CAELR- formerly NCEER], the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S Geological survey, and Woodward-Clyde Consultants. On the Japanese side, the team consists of professors and students form Kyoto University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, Waseda University, and Yamaguchi University. Several Japanese government and industry organizations will also contribute to the research effort. The main objective is to investigate the effects of liquefaction induced deformation on foundations and lifeline systems in the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquakes, and to propose engineering solutions to mitigate these devastating effects in future earthquakes. The findings of the research teams will contribute to the implementation of performance-based design in geotechnical and structural engineering in the United States and Japan.