Dissertation Research: The Social Organization of Early Copper Age Communities in the Koros Region of the Great Hungarian Plain

在John O 'Shea博士的指导下，William Parkinson先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将调查饥饿大平原的Koros河谷系统，以绘制早期铜器时代（ECA）遗址的分布，并将分析从Vesto-Magor定居点挖掘的材料，这些材料可以追溯到同一时期。虽然大量的信息可用于在该地区的前新石器时代晚期，令人惊讶的是，很少有人知道ECA解决模式。Vesto-Magor是这一时期少数几个经过仔细挖掘的遗址之一，大部分材料将在不久的将来重新埋葬。帕金森先生将对大量的陶瓷遗骸进行详细的分析。由于陶器风格随着时间的推移变化相对较快，对这种年代标记的研究将使从表面环境中恢复的碎片能够通过陶瓷比较来确定年代。Vesto-Magor包含房屋遗迹，通过对这些数据的研究，将有可能重建家庭和遗址规模以及社会组织。帕金森先生还将系统地调查该地区，以确定其他非洲经委会遗址的位置，并收集表面材料。他将注意到现场的大小和地块的位置，并与此信息，它应该是可能的重建定居模式。 新石器时代晚期（Late Neolithic）5000 - 4500 BC）到ECA（约。考古记录显示，匈牙利大平原上的古文明（公元4，500 - 4，000年）发生了巨大变化--文化群体的空间规模、房屋形式、定居类型、定居地点、贸易网络和丧葬习俗都发生了变化。这些物质文化的变化表明，人口在公元前4,500年左右经历了一场激进的社会变革。这种转变不仅影响了群体间的关系，如贸易网络和定居组织的变化所示，而且影响了群体内的关系，如房屋形式和丧葬习俗的变化所示。无论是在新石器时代晚期，还是在新石器时代晚期，都没有强有力的证据表明制度化的社会等级，这表明这些社会群体是根据某种部落或自治的村庄组织而构建的。因此，社会转型必须从社会组织的部落形式中发生的广泛变化的角度来理解。这是一个重要的事实，它对传统的人类学思维模式提出了挑战。考古学家通常从社会复杂性的发展和社会组织的等级形式的出现的角度来看待从新石器时代到铜器时代的过渡。匈牙利的数据表明，这一时期的变化可能更为复杂，不能归因于这一单一因素。因此，一个很好的案例研究，以寻找其他原因的变化。 这项研究意义重大，因为它将允许记录和分析重要的考古材料，这些材料很快就会失去科学研究。它解决了一个有趣的理论问题，并将有助于培养一个有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. John O'Shea, Mr. William Parkinson will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will survey the Koros River valley system in the Great Plain of Hungry to plot the distribution of Early Copper Age (ECA) sites and will also analyze material excavated from the settlement of Vesto-Magor which dates to the same period. Although substantial information is available for the preceding Late Neolithic period in this region, surprisingly little is known about ECA settlement patterns. Vesto-Magor is one of the few sites from this interval which has been carefully excavated and much of the material is slated for reburial in the near future. Mr.Parkinson will conduct a detailed analysis of the abundant ceramic remains. Because pottery style changes relatively rapidly over time, study of this chronological marker will allow sherds recovered from surface contexts to be dated through ceramic comparison. Vesto-Magor contains house remains and through examination of such data it will be possible to reconstruct family and site size as well as social organization. Mr. Parkinson will also systematically survey the region to locate other ECA sites and collect surface materials. He will note site size and plot location and with this information it should be possible to reconstruct settlement pattern. The transition from the Late Neolithic (ca. 5,000-4,500 BC) to ECA (ca. 4,500-4,000) on the Great Hungarian Plain is marked by dramatic changes in the archaeological record - changes in the spatial scale of cultural groups, house form, settlement type, settlement location, trade networks and mortuary practices. These changes in material culture suggest that the population underwent a radical social transformation about 4,500 BC. This transformation affected not only inter-group relationships, as indicated by changes in trade-networks and settlement organization, but also intra-group relationships, as indicated by changes in house form and mortuary customs. In neither the Late Neolithic nor ECA is there strong evidence for institutionalized social ranking, suggesting that the social groups in question were structured according to some sort of tribal or autonomous village organization. Therefore the social transformation must be understood in terms of the wide range of variability that occurs within tribal forms of social organization. This is a significant fact and it poses a challenge to traditional modes of anthropological thought. Most often archaeologists view the transition from Neolithic to Copper age in terms of the development of social complexity and the emergence of a hierarchical form of social organization. The Hungarian data indicates that change during this period can be more complex and not attributable to this single factor. An excellent case study is thus provided to search for other causes of change. This research is significant because it will allow the recording and analysis of important archaeological materials which will soon be lost to scientific study. It addresses an interesting theoretical question and will assist in training a promising young scientist.