Roots of Hate: Popular Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust

人们普遍认为，1879年至1939年是西方社会反犹太主义的高潮。该项目将解决以下问题：是什么因素导致了这波非同寻常的反犹太主义浪潮？从1879年到大屠杀期间，反犹太主义的兴起是稳定的还是不稳定的？不同社会的反犹太主义在内容和强度上是否有所不同？普通德国人是否以一种普通美国人、英国人、法国人、波兰人和罗马尼亚人所不具备的方式接受反犹太主义，正如最近一些关于德国反犹太主义的作品所暗示的那样？反犹主义与其他形式的宗教、种族或民族偏见有何不同？对反犹主义兴起的主要解释强调现代化对1879年后流行的反犹主义的影响，或者指出犹太人在国家危机时期充当替罪羊的角色。虽然这些理论有助于我们理解现代反犹太主义的兴起，但它们无法解释流行反犹太主义的时间和空间变化。这项研究提出，五个国家的时空差异主要是由四个关键因素的影响造成的：一个国家经济福祉的恶化，东欧犹太人移民增加的影响，对政治左派的普遍支持，以及政治左派的领导在多大程度上可以与犹太人联系起来。将根据《美国犹太人年鉴》的年刊和这五个国家发行量最大的日报，建立一个关于1899年至1939年期间反犹太行为和态度的数据库。混合时间序列分析将用于检验关键假设。

It is commonly accepted that the years 1879 to 1939 marked a high point anti-Semitism in Western societies. This project will address the following questions: What factors account for this wave of extraordinary anti-Semitism? Was the rise of anti- Semitism between 1879 and the Holocaust steady or uneven? Did popular anti-Semitism vary in content and intensity across societies? Did ordinary Germans embrace anti-Semitism in a way that ordinary Americans, British, French, Polish and Romanian citizens did not as has been suggested in a number of recent works on German anti-Semitism? How does anti-Semitism differ from other forms of religious, racial or ethnic prejudice? The principal explanations for the rise of anti-Semitism emphasize the effects of modernization on the emergence of popular anti-Semitism after 1879 or point to the role that Jews played as scapegoats during periods of national crises. While these theories contribute to our understanding of the rise of modern anti-Semitism they fail to explain temporal and spatial variation in popular anti-Semitism. This study proposes that temporal and spatial variation across the five nations resulted chiefly from the effects of four critical factors: the deterioration in a nation's economic well-being, the impact of increased immigration of East European Jews, the popular support for the political left, and the extent to which leadership of the political left could be identified with Jews. A database on anti-Semitic acts and attitudes for the period of 1899 to 1939 will be created from the annual volumes of the American Jewish Year Books and the largest circulating daily newspapers from the five countries. Pooled time series analysis will be used to test the key hypotheses.