El Nino-Southern Oscillation 1982-83 and 1997-98 Impacted Coral Reefs in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific Region: Effects, Recovery and Inter-ENSO Comparisons

该项目将在五年的时间内继续进行，并完成一项长期研究，重点是生态干扰，原因，反应和恢复东热带太平洋（ETP）珊瑚礁？与1982年的严重气候变化有关的珊瑚种群和珊瑚礁群落的建立？1983年厄尔尼诺？南方涛动（ENSO）随着1997年非常强劲的发生？1998年厄尔尼诺/南方涛动，两个“百年事件”仅相隔15年，这是一个前所未有的机会，研究和比较连续的重大扰动对社区反应和恢复的影响。这项研究涉及与东道国的强有力的国际合作？在哥斯达黎加、巴拿马6和厄瓜多尔（包括加拉帕戈斯群岛）的几个实地工作的国家研究小组，所有这些地区都在1982年ENSO扰动期间受到严重影响。83、1997年？98.这项研究的几个方面将继续进行，即：（a）监测东太平洋珊瑚礁的物理和生物状况，这是在2000年年初开始的。到哪里去？（B）探讨了部分虫黄藻珊瑚对ENSO胁迫因子（主要是正海温异常）的响应;（c）珊瑚骨骼同位素特征的气候回顾性研究;（d）珊瑚繁殖生态学，因为它与受干扰群落的补充成功有关;（a）珊瑚礁形成社区的生态系统变化;（b）珊瑚白化/死亡与当地和全球范围的海表温度异常（包括极端高温和低温）之间的联系;（c）根据实地监测和实验结果得出的温度、捕食、珊瑚生长和生存之间的机械关系，建立珊瑚种群大小结构和珊瑚群落动态模型。此外，1997年开始的研究也将继续进行，即：（h）分析与东太平洋珊瑚共生的虫黄藻分类群的分子遗传结构，以评估虫黄藻多样性在解释珊瑚漂白和宿主珊瑚死亡率/存活率模式的变化方面的重要性，以及（i）评估恢复中的珊瑚种群和最近受到压力的珊瑚种群的遗传结构和多样性与压力抵抗力、种群规模和与来源种群的距离的关系。新的举措将包括（j）珊瑚？海藻？草食动物的相互作用，和（k）营养/底栖生物群落结构模拟在高SST？重点是上升流和非上升流环境，以评估厄尔尼诺/南方涛动扰动和恢复过程对珊瑚礁框架生长的影响。

This project will occur over a five year period to continue and conclude a long-term study that has focused on ecological disturbances, causes, responses and recovery of eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) reef?building coral populations and reef communities in relation to the severe 1982?1983 El Nino?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. With the occurrence of the very strong 1997?1998 ENSO, two "one hundred year events" only 15 years apart, an unprecedented opportunity is at hand to study and compare the effects of consecutive major perturbations on community responses and recovery. This study involves strong international collaboration with host?country research teams working at several field sites in Costa Rica, Panam.6, and Ecuador (including the Gal6pagos Islands), all areas that were severely affected during the ENSO disturbances of 1982?83 and 1997?98. Several aspects of this study will be continued, namely (a) monitoring the physical and biological conditions of eastern Pacific coral reefs initiated in the early?to?mid 1970s~ (b) investigating the responses of selected zooxanthellate coral species to ENSO stressors (chiefly positive sea temperature anomalies), (c) retrospective climate studies from coral skeletal isotopic signatures, (d) coral reproductive ecology as it relates to recruitment success in disturbed communities, (e) coral community recovery or changes leading to alternate, non?reef building communities, (f) the linking of coral bleaching/mortality with local and global-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, including both high and low temperature extremes, and (g) modeling the size structure of coral populations and coral community dynamics based on mechanistic relationships between temperature, predation, coral growth and survivorship derived from field monitoring and experimental results. Additionally, studies initiated in 1997 will also be continued, namely (h) analysis of the molecular genetic structure of zooxanthella taxa symbiotic with eastern Pacific corals to assess the importance of zooxanthella diversity in explaining the variability in patterns of coral bleaching and mortality/survivorship of host corals, and (i) assessment of the genetic structure and diversity of recovering and recently stressed coral populations in relation to stress resistance, population size and distance from source populations. New initiatives will include (j) coral?algal?herbivore interactions, and (k) trophodynamic/benthic community structure modeling in high SST?stressed upwelling and non-upwelling environments in order to assess the effects of ENSO perturbations and recovery processes on coral reef framework growth.