Collaborative Research: Power and Economy at the Marana Mound Site: Structure of an Early Classic Center Near Tucson, Arizona

在国家科学基金会的支持下，保罗、苏珊娜·菲什和詹姆斯·贝曼博士将在亚利桑那州图森盆地的马拉纳丘陵遗址进行考古研究。该遗址与史前霍霍坎文化有关，可追溯到古典主义早期(公元1150-1300年)，被占领了大约100年。土丘遗址建在一个中心地理点，代表着一个更广泛的三层等级社区中的顶层。大约1.5公里。长，0.5公里宽。由于它不位于有利的河边或高地，它从一条10公里长的运河中取水，运河是从圣克鲁斯河修建的。由大约5500平方米的院落和多达20个封闭结构组成，场地人口可能在500到750人之间。在许多方面，该网站都不同于规模较小的同行。它不仅是最大的，而且也是唯一一个包含大量远距离贸易项目的。一项中子活化来源研究表明，它与另外两个大型遗址一起参与了一个共同的交换网络，该网络不同于其他社区聚居地的获取模式和陶瓷来源。从房屋地板上发现的组件在所代表的物品的数量和种类以及与手工艺生产和个人装饰有关的文物方面具有独特性。因此，与其他定居点相比，这个土堆上的进口物品和制造活动明显集中。虽然马拉纳丘陵与其较小的同行有所不同，但该遗址本身的内部差异似乎很小，这一发现与考古学的先入之见背道而驰。随着站点层次结构的出现，阶级结构变得明显，通常情况下，个别社区内部的分歧也会发生。然而，根据来自马拉纳·蒙德的有限证据，这种情况并未发生。该团队将通过专注于化合物集群、化合物、房间和垃圾堆的四层抽样设计，检查该地点的潜在差异化。将在四个领域寻找不同优势和竞争战略的证据：1.获得和消费外来或高价值物品；2.超越一般维持生计的生产和消费的经济活动；3.参与对外交流；以及4.参加与仪式有关的物品所示的共同或综合纪念活动。这项研究将提供对导致复杂社会崛起的路径的洞察。它为了解北美史前提供了新的线索，并提供了许多考古学家感兴趣的数据。

With National Science Foundation support Drs. Paul and Suzanne Fish and James Bayman will conduct archaeological research at the Marana Mound site, located in the Tucson Basin of Arizona. Associated with the prehistoric Hohokam culture, the site dates to the early Classic Period (1150-1300 AD) and was occupied for approximately 100 years. The mound site was constructed at a central geographical point and represents the top level within a broader three tier hierarchical community. It is approximately 1.5 km. long and .5 km wide. Because it is not situated in a favorable riverine or upland locale, it received water from a 10 kilometer long canal constructed from the Santa Cruz River. Composed of compounds of ca. 5500 square meters with up to 20 enclosed structures, the site population probably ranged between 500 and 750 people. In a number of ways the site is unique from its smaller counterparts. Not only is it the largest but it also is the only one which contained significant numbers of distant trade items. A neutron activation sourcing study suggests that it, along with two other large sites, participated in a common exchange network that differed from acquisition patterns and ceramic sources in other community settlements. Assemblages recovered from house floors are distinctive in the number and variety of items represented and the high frequency of artifacts linked to craft production and personal ornamentation. Thus there is a marked concentration of imported items and manufacturing activities at the mound site compared to other settlements. While the Marana Mound is distinguished from its smaller counterparts, there appears however to be minimal internal differentiation within the site itself and this finding runs contra to archaeological preconceptions. As site hierarchies emerge and class structure becomes apparent, normally internal differention within individual communities occurs as well. Based on limited evidence from Marana Mound however such did not happen. The team will examine potential differentiation at the site through a four-tiered sampling design focusing on compound clusters, compounds, rooms and trash mounds. Evidence for differential advantage and competitive strategies will be sought in four realms: 1. Access to and consumption of exotic or high value items; 2. Economic activities beyond ordinary subsistence production and consumption; 3. Involvement in external exchange; and 4. Participation in communal or integrative observances as signaled by ritually-related items. This research will provide insight into the paths which led to the rise of complex societies. It shed new light on North American prehistory and provide data of interest to many archaeologists.