Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Evaluating the Development of Social Differentiation in the Pueblo World: Identity and Inequality in Salinas, New Mexico in the A.D. 1200s

在凯瑟琳·斯皮尔曼博士的监督下，马修·钱伯林将分析他在新墨西哥州萨利纳斯普韦布洛地区进行考古调查时收集的数据。萨利纳斯地区之所以引起人们极大的兴趣，是因为在公元13世纪出现了大规模的、有核的普韦布洛人定居点，这些定居点展示了社会宗教等级和多重尺度的社会身份——包括村庄和村庄群——并一直持续到公元17世纪末被遗弃，也就是西班牙人接触后的一个多世纪。然而，在萨利纳斯形成核之前的两个定居阶段，即公元1100年的分散阶段和公元1200年的初始聚集阶段，实际上仍然未知。对于研究小规模社会中社会不平等和身份发展的人类学家来说，从分散到聚集的过渡是一个非常重要的问题。这个项目提供了一个独特的机会来评估萨利纳斯的社会不平等和多层次的社会身份是存在于分散的定居点，是在聚集之后出现的，还是局限于公元1400年代的核心社会环境。张伯伦的调查收集了与过去特定活动（贸易、仪式和陶瓷生产）相关的陶瓷和景观数据，这些数据将用于评估分散和集中定居点之间的身份和不平等的本质。具体分析将包括：(1)在长途和短途贸易中获得的装饰陶瓷的化学来源，以确定聚落在来源多样性和贸易关系强度方面是否存在差异；(2)对仪式特征和聚落的物理特征和空间关系进行比较和定量分析，以确定聚落在仪式的规模和精心制作方面是否存在差异；(3)分析当地陶瓷生产，以确定聚落是否具有不同的社会学习技术风格。通过这些分析，将有可能勾勒出社会身份和不平等在时间和空间上的发展，并追踪它们与聚集过程的关系。除了这些科学研究问题外，该项目还将广泛地促进公众对考古学和历史的理解。该项目与州历史保护官员和附近萨利纳斯普韦布洛任务国家纪念碑的国家公园管理局考古学家建立了密切的关系。通过提供纪念碑内主要普韦布洛人居住历史的新信息，该项目将有助于这些组织对萨利纳斯文化资源的评估和公众解释。此外，一个详细介绍该项目的目标和初步结果的网站已经上线，这将增加该项目的公众知名度。在专业期刊和报告中发表项目结果将向科学界传达这些结果。该项目还有助于保护宝贵的公共资源。掠夺普韦布洛人祖先的遗址是项目区的一个主要问题。这项调查收集的信息对了解普韦布洛历史上这一消失的部分至关重要，对努力清点该地区文化资源的保护官员至关重要。为此，该项目首次详细记录了萨利纳斯一部分地区丰富的文化资源。最后，该项目继续与来自多所大学的学生和教师建立关系。包括作者在内的一些本科生和研究生志愿者将接受在项目过程中使用的一系列科学方法的实践培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. Katherine Spielmann, Matthew Chamberlin will analyze data collected during his archaeological survey in the Salinas Pueblo District of New Mexico. The Salinas region is of great interest because large, nucleated Pueblo settlements exhibiting socio-religious hierarchies and social identities defined at multiple scales-including both the village and the village cluster-appeared in the A.D. 1300s and persisted until abandonment in the late A.D. 1600s, over a century after Spanish contact. However, two phases of settlement prior to nucleation in Salinas, a dispersed phase in the A.D. 1100s and an initial aggregated phase in the A.D. 1200s, remain virtually unknown. The transition from dispersed to aggregated settlement is of great concern to anthropologists studying the development of social inequality and identity in small-scale societies. This project provides a unique opportunity to evaluate whether social inequality and multiple levels of social identity in Salinas are present in dispersed settlements, appear after aggregation, or are limited to the nucleated social environment of the A.D. 1300s. Mr. Chamberlin's survey has gathered ceramic and landscape data associated with specific activities in the past-trade, ritual, and ceramic production-that will be used to evaluate the nature of identity and inequality among both dispersed and aggregated settlements. Specific analyses will include (1) chemical sourcing of decorated ceramics obtained in long- and short-distance trade to determine whether settlements differ in the diversity of sources and the intensity of trade relationships, (2) comparative and quantitative analyses of the physical characteristics and spatial relationships of ritual features and settlements to determine whether settlements differ in the scale and elaboration of ritual, and (3) analysis of local ceramic production to determine whether settlements possess different socially-learned technological styles. Through these analyses, it will be possible to outline the development of social identities and inequalities through time and across space and trace their relationship to the process of aggregation. In addition to these scientific research questions, this project will contribute broadly to the public understanding of archaeology and history. The project has built close relationships with State Historic Preservation officials and National Park Service archaeologists at the nearby Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. By providing new information on the history of the occupants of the major pueblos in the Monument, this project will aid these organizations in their evaluation and public interpretation of Salinas cultural resources. Furthermore, a website detailing the goals and initial findings of the project is on line and will increase the public visibility of the project. Publication of project results in professional journals and presentations will communicate these results to the scientific community. This project also contributes to the preservation of a valuable public resource. Looting of ancestral Pueblo sites is a major problem in the project area. This survey has gathered information critical to understanding this disappearing part of Pueblo history, and vital to preservation officials endeavoring to inventory the region's cultural resources. To this end, this project provides the first detailed, site-level record of the extensive cultural resources in one part of Salinas. Lastly, this project continues to build relationships with students and faculty from multiple universities. A number of undergraduate and graduate student volunteers, including the author, will receive hands-on training in a range of scientific methods used in the course of the project.