EITM: Behavior Patterns, Bystanders, and Performance Expectations

北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校该项目计划发展、评估和改进理论模型，以解释某些行为对小团体不平等结构的影响。虽然社会科学家早就认识到行为在影响能力印象方面的重要性，但这些模型是第一个允许对这些影响进行精确预测的模型，并将这些影响与其他不平等来源（如个人之间的地位差异）结合起来。从地位特征、绩效期望和群体结构的成熟传统中发展而来的各种模型将在实验室环境中构建和测试，旨在允许对初始情况进行高度控制，并对预测效果具有良好的可视性。该项目的理论成果将是增加对小团体中不平等的原因和后果的理解，并改进面对面行为的模型。自20世纪60年代以来，许多研究人员在不同的大学发展了关于地位和行为的累积知识体系，这些理论工作增加了这些知识体系。实证工作发展了创造理论上有意义的行为和观察效果的新技术，并将理论扩展置于可靠的证据基础之上。更广泛的影响：(1)社会利益：由于地位等级和地位行为无处不在，本研究促进了对大多数社会群体影响因素的精确理解。pi的目的是预测行为如何影响等级制度，并确定行为技术，以削弱或加强地位优势和劣势的影响，如性别和种族造成的影响。(2)广泛传播以增进对科学和技术的了解：研究结果将酌情在学术期刊和非技术渠道上发表。这些数据以及开发的操作程序将向其他研究人员和学生公开。(3)在促进教学、培训和学习的同时推进发现：研究生和本科生将参与这个建模过程的大部分，特别是在开发实验设计、运行实验室研究、访谈和分析数据方面。结果、数据和实验设计将被纳入pi课程和其他大学的课程，以及大学教科书的章节中。

SES - 0351020Murray WebsterLisa RashotteJoseph WhitmeyerUniversity of North Carolina, CharlotteThe project plans to develop, assess, and improve theoretical models that explain the effects of certain kinds of behaviors on inequality structures in small groups. While social scientists long have recognized the importance of behavior in affecting impressions of competence, these models are the first to permit precise predictions of those effects, and to integrate the effects with other sources of inequality such as status differences among individuals. Variant models, developed from a well-established tradition of status characteristics, performance expectations, and group structures, will be constructed and tested in laboratory situations designed to permit a high degree of control over initial situations and good visibility of predicted effects. The theoretical outcomes of the project will be increased understanding of causes and consequences of inequality in small groups, and improved models of face-to-face behavior. The theoretical work adds to a cumulative body of knowledge regarding status and behavior developed by many investigators at different universities since the 1960s. The empirical work develops new techniques to create theoretically meaningful behavior and observe effects, and puts theoretical extensions on a sound evidential footing. Broader impacts: (1) Benefits to society: Because status hierarchies and status behaviors are ubiquitous, this research advances precise understanding of factors affecting most social groups. The PIs intend to predict how behaviors affect hierarchies, and to identify behavioral techniques for weakening or reinforcing effects of status advantages and disadvantages, such as those resulting from gender and ethnicity. (2) Broad dissemination to enhance scientific and technological understanding: Results will be published in academic journals and in non-technical outlets where appropriate. The data, as well as operational programs developed will be made publicly available to other researchers and students. (3) Advancing discovery while promoting teaching, training and learning: Graduate and undergraduate students will be involved in most parts of this modeling process, especially in developing the experimental designs, running of the laboratory studies, interviewing, and analyzing data. Results, data and experimental designs will be incorporated in the PIs courses and courses taught at other universities, as well as in chapters of college textbooks.