Growth and Inequality in Global City-Regions: A Comparative Study of Bangkok and Metro Manila

摘要：全球城市区域的增长和不平等：曼谷和马尼拉大都市的比较研究经济全球化给城市带来了巨大的空间变化。 艾伦·斯科特和其他学者指出了“全球城市区域”的出现，其特征是公司总部和商业服务功能集中在中心城市，制造业和后台服务功能向大城市日益遥远的外围延伸。 在亚洲的全球城市地区，城市周边地区经历了快速的城市化，中心城市经历了大规模的重建。 这些变化改变了房地产市场，并重新定义了人们居住和工作之间的关系。 它们还提出了在经济机会地点方面性别不匹配的问题，因为低技能女工的机会越来越集中在城市边缘的制造业，而男子的机会则继续集中在中心城市。 本项目将通过比较曼谷大都会区和大马尼拉区，审查这些变化对社会公平问题的影响。 具体而言，它将解决以下问题：重建是否导致低收入者被排除在中心城市住房市场之外，并导致他们流离失所到城市边缘？ 城市是否因此变得越来越隔离？ 低收入人群的通勤距离有多远，对他们的生活质量有什么影响？ 空间变化如何影响家庭关于住房和就业的决定？ 将采用三种方法。 首先，使用地理信息系统（GIS）对1970年至2000年的人口统计、就业、投资和其他变量的数据进行分析，将提供BMR和大马尼拉地区社会空间变化的详细情况。 第二，对低收入住区的户主进行抽样调查和深入访谈，将有助于深入了解城市发展的经济、社会和环境影响如何影响家庭关于住房和就业的决定。 最后，与决策者和规划者的深入访谈将探讨他们对全球化的公平影响的看法，以及他们如何在计划和政策中应对新出现的社会公平问题。 该研究项目具有理论和实践意义。 虽然越来越多的文献认为，全球化时代的城市化模式本质上是不公平的，但这些文献几乎完全以欧洲和美国的情况为基础。这一研究将加强我们对全球城市-区域形成过程中固有的不平等现象以及亚洲低收入社区面临的特殊问题的理解。 该项目还对发展中国家大城市的政策和规划产生影响，因为了解流离失所、社会隔离、过度通勤以及获得经济机会和负担得起的住房等问题，对于制定住房、交通、土地使用和经济发展方面的有效干预措施至关重要。

Abstract: Growth and Inequality in Global City-Regions: A Comparative Study of Bangkok and Metro ManilaGavin ShatkinEconomic globalization has brought about dramatic spatial change in cities. Allen Scott and other have pointed to the emergence of 'global city-regions' characterized by the concentration of corporate headquarter and business service functions in central cities and the sprawling of manufacturing and back office service functions to the increasingly far-flung periphery of large cities. In global city-regions in Asia, areas surrounding cities have witnessed rapid urbanization, and central cities have experienced wholesale redevelopment. These changes have transformed property markets, and redefined the relationship between where people live and where they work. They have also raised the issue of a gender mismatch in the location of economic opportunities, as opportunities for low-skilled women workers are increasingly concentrated in manufacturing industries on the urban fringe while those for men continue to be concentrated in central cities. This project will examine the implications of these changes for issues of social equity through a comparison of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) and the Metro Manila region. Specifically, it will address the following questions: Is redevelopment leading to the exclusion of low-income people from central city housing markets and their displacement to the urban fringe? Are cities consequently becoming increasingly segregated? How far are low-income people commuting, and with what implications for their quality of life? How are household decisions about shelter and employment affected by spatial change? Three methods will be employed. First, an analysis of data on demographics, employment, investment, and other variables from 1970 to 2000 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will provide a detailed picture of sociospatial change in the BMR and the Metro Manila region. Second, a sample survey and in-depth interviews of household heads in low-income settlements will provide insights into how the economic, social and environmental impacts of urban development have affected household decisions regarding shelter and employment. Finally, in-depth interviews with policy-makers and planners will address their perceptions of the equity impacts of globalization, and how they have responded to emerging issues of social equity in plans and policies. The research project has both theoretical and practical implications. While a growing literature has argued that patterns of urbanization in the era of globalization are inherently inequitable, this literature is based almost exclusively on the cases of Europe and the United States. This research should enhance our understanding of the inherent inequities in the process of global city-region formation, and the particular issues confronting low-income communities in Asia. The project also has implications for policy and planning in large cities in developing countries, as an understanding of issues of displacement, social segregation, excessive commuting, and access to economic opportunity and affordable shelter are critical to the development of effective interventions in housing, transportation, land use, and economic development.