SST-Sensor Network Design For A Secure National Electric Energy Infrastructure

2001年9月11日的事件凸显了恶意攻击对国家关键基础设施组件的影响。这导致人们越来越重视提高变电站、输电线路和发电机等关键电力系统组件的物理安全性。这些观察与2003年8月14日的东北大停电一起，突出了电网作为能源运输媒介的重要性，以及它对国家经济和全球竞争力的关键重要性。电网是一个高度自动化的网络。为了传感、监测和控制的目的，各种信息网络与电网互联。电网中的任何扰动或错位主要是通过观察电力系统的电行为来感知的，通过使用电量测量获得的数据进行观察和分析。有助于部署分布式传感系统的传感器技术在最近得到了极大的改进。然而，尽管存在变电站物理安全标准，但很少有现代传感机制被用来满足物理安全标准。考虑到这种情况，我们将在电网的传感和信息处理方面进行以下研究：(1)研究新的传感器来感知电力系统中的物理量；(2)设计无线传感器信息网络，将这些测量数据传输到中央控制中心；(3)开发传感器信息网络的传感器定位、数据聚合、故障诊断和负载均衡算法；(4)将物理传感器数据与传统的电传感器数据融合，以设计更有效的大扰动控制策略。我们将演示开发的技术，并在我们创建的测试平台上验证它们，以使用操作员培训模拟器模拟大型电力系统。建议的方法的关键要素包括以下步骤：无线传感器信息网络的结构设计，在各种突发情况下保持两种模式的连通性，a)部分模式有助于检测故障，b)全模式有助于诊断问题。部分模式下的传感器网络将用于对电网的部分进行归零，在这些部分中，系统希望获得物理传感器信息，以便与现有的电子传感器融合，以检测干扰或基于以下因素的灾难性故障：a)基于在线风险的发动机，b)来自某些传感器（如温度、运动或化学传感器）的异常或异常测量，或c)天气和异常条件。这导致决定转移到全模式操作，通过传感器激活和停用，通信网络连接和电力使用考虑将从上述分析确定的电网的关键局部部分进行更多的信息收集。这些信息可用于进一步诊断网络状况，并由中央控制中心使用，以调用适当的控制行动来保护电网。拟议研究的智力价值在于开发集成广泛的传感器的新概念，这些传感器可以监控国家最关键的基础设施（电网）的物理安全和运行安全。该项目旨在利用这些传感器的综合数据以及相关通信和信息网络的详细发展，以提高电网的安全性和可靠性。该团队结合了他们的专业知识，对目前可用的不同类型的传感器采取了新的看法，并从中提取了与电力系统物理安全相关的几个关键问题的适当数据。这项研究的广泛影响将是双重的。首先，它将通过结合研究人员的多学科专业知识，提高在传感、监测和控制电网方面的技术水平。其次，新型传感器网络将应用于发展国家电网应急响应系统，这对国家经济的活力至关重要，并将为其提供保护。教育：我们的教育目标是培养下一代学生，培养新的博士研究干部，最重要的是，在K-12项目中，与最年轻的学生分享在工程领域工作的兴奋，吸引他们进入科学和工程领域。爱荷华州立大学的工程学院致力于吸引少数民族学者进入研究生项目，并且该大学有一个正在进行的项目，即在夏季雇佣高中生和教师参与研究项目。我们将利用这些努力。

The events of September 11, 2001, have highlighted the impact of malicious attacks on critical nationalinfrastructure components. This has resulted in an increased appreciation for improving the physical security ofcritical electric power system components like substations, transmission lines, and generators. These observationstogether with the major North East blackout of August 14 th , 2003 highlight the importance of the electric grid as anenergy transport medium and its critical importance to the nation's economy and global competitiveness.The electric power grid is a highly automated network. A variety of information networks are interconnected to theelectric grid for the purpose of sensing, monitoring, and control. Any disturbance or dislocation in the electricnetwork is sensed primarily by observing the electrical behavior of the power system via the observations andanalysis done using the data obtained using measurements of electrical quantities. The sensor technology thataids the deployment of distributed sensing systems has improved vastly in the recent past. However, even though,standards do exist for physical security of substations, very few modern sensing mechanisms have been utilized tomeet the physical security standards.With this scenario in mind we will undertake the following research in the sensing and information processing of theelectric grid: (1) examine new sensors to sense physical quantities in power systems; (2) design a wireless sensorinformation network to transmit these measurements to the central control center; (3) develop algorithms for sensorplacement, data aggregation, fault diagnosis, and load balancing for the sensor information network; and (4) fuse thephysical sensor data with conventional electrical sensor data to devise more effective control strategies followinglarge disturbances. We will demonstrate the developed techniques and validate them on a test bed that we havecreated to emulate a large power system using an operator training simulator. The key elements of the proposedapproach consist of the following steps:1. Design structure of the wireless sensor information network that maintains connectivity under a variety ofcontingency scenarios in two modes, a) Partial mode that helps in detection of failures, and b) Full mode whichhelps in diagnosis of the problem.2. The sensor network in Partial Mode will be used to zero in on portions of the power grid where the systemwould like to get physical sensor information to fuse with existing electrical sensors to detect disturbance, andor catastrophic failures based on: a) On-line risk based engine, b) Unusual or abnormal measurements fromcertain sensors like temperature, motion, or chemical sensors, or c) Weather and unusual conditions.3. This leads to a decision on transferring to Full Mode operation where more information collection via sensoractivation and deactivation, communication network connectivity, and power usage considerations will be madefrom the critical local portion of the power grid identified by the above analysis.4. This information leads to further diagnosis of the network condition that is used by central control center toinvoke appropriate control action to safeguard the power network.Intellectual merit of the proposed research lies in developing novel concepts for integrating a broad range ofsensors that monitor both physical security and operational security of the nation's most critical infrastructure theelectric grid. The project aims at using the combined data from these sensors together with the detailed developmentof the associated communication and information network to enhance the security and reliability of the power grid.The team has combined their expertise to take a fresh view at the different kinds of sensors currently available andextract appropriate data from them for several key issues related to power system physical security.The broader impact of this research will be two fold. First, it will enhance the state of art in sensing, monitoring,and controlling the electric power grid by combining the multidisciplinary expertise of the investigators. Second, thenew sensor network will be applied to develop an emergency response system for the national electric grid, which isessential to the vitality of the nation's economy, and will provide protection to it.Education: Our educational goal is to train the next generation of students, train new cadres of doctoral researchersand most importantly, share the excitement that comes with working in engineering with the youngest of students, inthe K-12 program, to attract them into science and engineering. The college of engineering at Iowa State Universityhas a dedicated effort to attract minority scholars into the graduate program and the university has an ongoingprogram to employ high school students and teachers in research programs during the summer. We will leveragethese efforts.